Personal Relationship Selling Essay Example for Free

Personal Relationship Selling Essay Successful firms are dismissing the hard-sell, short-term orientation of personal selling in favor of a customer-oriented, long-term selling model referred to as relationship selling. A lot of businesses can establish distinctive positions in the marketplace for themselves, their goods, as well as their services. This capability is a potent strength in marketing. Indeed, an effective marketing stratagem is also known for its excellent positioning strategy. However that in itself is does not guarantee customer following because it is not so much what the company says regarding one’s goods/services/organization as much as it is what the clients declare about them. It is not what businesses say to their customers but rather what they accomplish with their clients that build their position in the industry. Differentiation, from the standpoint of the customer, is not an idea which is goods or services-related in so far as it is connected to how the company carries out its business activities. In this day and age where information is a valuable resource, it is no longer practical to merely produce an image. The distinction among perception and actuality has improved over time. Further, in a society where consumers are offered with a lot of choices, they can be unpredictable. Griffin and Herres (2002) relate that this just only implies that contemporary marketing is a fierce clash for the loyalty of the customer. Contemporary marketing now stress a unique connection with the client and communications of the market place. A Concept Definition A key role of modern marketing is that of a management mindset implemented throughout an organization rather than confined to a particular department. This perspective considers marketing as a guiding management principle or mind attitude which places the customer first, and it is commonly described as a marketing orientation. It is a comparatively more extensive outlook of the function of marketing than has been visualized in the past and it direly affects an extensive array of functions within the organization. This concept grew progressively over the last twenty years that puts forward the fundamental theory that it is more cost-effective for the business to focus its attention on continuance and improvement of present relationships with customer as compared to continually looking to catch the attention of new customers. Relationship selling has progressed since that time to make possible the effort of a business to classify, preserve, and construct a network of individual customers and to constantly reinforce the network by way of interactive, personalized, and value-added connections over an extended period of time. A primary force behind any strategy of relationship selling is that acquiring new clients through snatching them away from a rival business is more often than not costlier as compared to holding on to current clients (Rogers, 2001). Personal relationship selling is a concept that gives weight and credence to building up lasting win-win relationships with potential clients and current ones. It is a marketing (communications) approach that is aimed at establishing profitable relationships with loyal customers. Relationship selling views every customer as a valuable asset of the company to be nurtured and grown. It is intended to convert potential individuals into loyal clients, nothing more than that. But marketing is not all about advertising or promotion; it is more about creating loyal clients. Personal relationship selling has its foundations on the relationship between consumer contentment, consumer allegiance and profitability for the business. Brassington and Pettitt (2003) noted that it has been known in marketing literature that it is more than four times more economical to maintain a present client as compared to acquiring new clients. Others even maintain that considerable augment in revenue will be highly possibly achieved through improving client retention rate by even only a few percent. Therefore, businesses of today should instead center their attention on maintaining their current clients, working towards making them supporters and partners rather than focusing their efforts on acquiring new clients. The essence of proper customer loyalty is not measured by just the client making repeat buys; it is instead grabbing a allocation from the wallet of the consumer (the proportion of a consumer’s expenditure in a goods/service category for a firm’s brand) as near to one hundred percent if that is feasible (Griffin and Herres, 2002). Personal relationship selling is relationship marketing. It means perseverance to work for nil defection. It means considering first the welfare of the present consumers prior to the attempt to catch the attention of new ones. In the same manner, a brand that is flourishing does nothing other than creating a relationship between the consumer and the brand that is out of the ordinary. A review of the related literature on the subject would reveal that a considerable number of academics, consulting firms, and corporate leaders are continuously attempting to develop various tools and techniques to measure the impact of employee contentment, loyalty and maintenance of consumer contentment, loyalty and preservation. In fact, some also try to develop and prove hypotheses that will assist them in gauging the impact of both these measures on their bottom line. For the reason of the repercussions for productivity and expansion, Schmitt (2003) argues that consumer maintenance is possibly one of the most influential strategies that businesses can utilize in their struggle to achieve a strategic advantage and continue to exist nowadays in an ever mounting competitive environment. It is very important that businesses comprehend fully the concerns and the methods behind consumer and worker retention and the function that relationship selling can take part in putting together plans and strategies. Relationship Selling Vs. Transactional Approach Relationship selling is viewed as a paradigm shift from the transactional approach to marketing with a new focus on developing and maintaining mutually beneficial relationships. Historically, the transactive paradigm came into being as a result of mass production, wholesaling and the utilization of middlemen who were removed from the organization. The drive towards developing relationship selling has been largely fuelled by the proliferation of high-quality competing products and services that are available to customers. Personal relationship selling is the opposite of transaction marketing in which the ambition to retain customers does not exist in the latter. Conventional transaction is temporary and focused only on making a sale and further only aspires for what is known as the one-shot deal. Transaction selling centers on the sales presentation, or ‘pitch’, designed to secure an immediate sale. Little regard is given to the customers true needs, particularly over the long run. By contrast, relationship selling focuses on developing and enhancing a mutually beneficial bond between buyer and seller. The focus has changed from ‘making a sale’ in the short run to ‘getting and keeping the right customers’ over the long term (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Whereas market exchanges are casual short-term discrete (transactional) episodic encounters primarily motivated by self-interest, relational exchanges develop when people wish to develop long-term exclusive and supportive relationships on the basis of mutual knowledge that simplifies their trading environment. Whereas traditional marketing, operating through market exchanges, manages the preparation and promotion of an offering in order to consummate an exchange, relationship or interactive marketing also works to maintain the relationship between product-based exchange episodes. Rather than pursue a market relationship to bring a product and a consumer/buyer together, relationship marketing attempts to establish and cultivate a marketing relationship that enables cooperative problem-solving. Elements of Relationship Selling The literature is replete with discussions of what key elements are entailed of relationship selling. Relationships are built over time, and time is one of the most important elements of relationship selling. Information isnt only available in greater profusion than ever before, technology has also allowed it to be delivered with unprecedented speed. This is entirely consistent with pressure on the customer, and the amplified pressure on companies supplying them, for speed in development and delivery. Companies will, increasingly, have to anticipate what time performance customers consider attractive, even acceptable. If time is an issue with only segments, or fragments, of customers, companies will have to determine if investing resources in faster development, delivery, or service is economically worthwhile. A perceived scarcity of time can also make customers want shorter interactions with businesses. Consumers value time and are less and less willing to accept or tolerate excess in this area. This can also make customers worry about the differences between what they want and what they actually get in their relationship with the business. Often, speed, or the lack of same, is a strong supplier attrition or defection lever: waiting lines and waiting time, and their impact on service encounters and customer loyalty management, have become an entire area of psychological and business study. If customers feel they are short of time, concise communications is an important relationship proposition. However, this may be culturally dependent. In some cultures, the importance of a decision can be made quickly. It is also possible that customers will want to spend more time on purchases that they perceive as having high involvement or to which they attach great importance. Overall, the time aspect of a relationship is a complex issue, since the time invested in relationship selling (the time spent in relationship-related activities) can be seen as a benefit or a non-monetary cost, depending on the attitude of the customer. Building trust and commitment are also crucial elements of relationship marketing as they are needed for the maintenance of the relationship, encouraging a long-term view as opposed to a short-term one, and also allow for certain risks to be taken because of the belief that other parties in the relationship will not take advantage of the situation. Having a long-term view and nurturing the relationship by providing and showing commitment allows for the development of deeper levels of relationships (Sobel, 2003). The commitment and trust elements are conceptualized as existing when there is reliability, confidence and integrity. This requires delivering on promises (what was stated in the packaging or advertisements, for instance) and building financial, social and structural bonds between the business organization and its customers. Choice is largely driven by a customers relationships with a product or service, and with the companies that offer them. Its about experience, and levels of trust and commitment, through contact with suppliers. Because, in most industries, choices are so readily available, customers are increasingly less hesitant to change suppliers. When replacement is perceived as more positive than negative, theyll move on. Industries such as banking and managed care have seen this occur (Bradley, 2003). The relationship itself becomes the focus of marketing efforts rather than the product. In addition to the marketing mix variables, customer care/customer service initiatives and interactive marketing are central to relationship selling. Credibility is the key to the whole market-positioning process. With so many new products and new technologies on the market, customers are intimidated by the decision-making process. Many customers dont even understand the technologies used in new products. Technology-based products are links in a chain: they are attractive because they are linked to the future. But when people are buying a piece of the future, they need to be reassured that their money goes somewhere that is worth their money. They want to buy from a supplier with credibility. Benefits of Relationship Selling To the extent that relationship selling contributes to goods differentiation and generates obstacles to switching to another brand, it can make available a competitive advantage for the producer or the vendor. Building a long-term relationship with buyers provides more opportunities for the seller to sell new and additional solutions. The vendor in lasting relationships may realize profitability rates that are higher though a reduction of discretionary expense such as selling, general, and administrative costs. Besides financial rewards, the relationship may make available to the vendor admission to new markets and increased competence to enhance innovation (Sobel, 2003). Buyers benefit from being able to tie together the skill and the strength of the vendor to their benefit. Specific advantages to buyers include enhanced quality and process presentation, unremitting cost diminutions, enhanced support relationships, and contract predictability. The benefits of long-term relationships with customers are obvious. As mentioned earlier, it costs more than four times more economical to maintain a present client as compared to acquiring a new one. Repeat business is a hallmark of relationship selling. Another outgrowth of happy customers is referrals. A company can have as much customers as it wants, but it has the responsibility of taking care of tem individually. Most new customers are referred by old customers who are content with the company’s goods or services. Referral sales are a leading indicator of a company’s emotional bank account with customers. Honeycutt, Ford and Simintiras (2003) assert that a small decrease in customer defection leads to a large increase in sales and profits Defected customers can cause other customers to leave, while loyal customers are more profitable and require less handholding. Disappointed customers cause negative word of mouth, while loyal customers are company and brand advocates. Relationships also increase the value of the customer. All of these are reasons to believe that relationship marketing is more effective than transaction marketing. The concept of lifetime customer value is used to describe the estimation of how much a customer contributes to the companys profit over the years he or she buys from the company. The ultimate purpose of relationship marketing should be to maximize this lifetime value for every customer. Process of Managing Relationship Selling The relationship selling management process is the process that captures orders for delivered goods and services and that facilitates strong customer loyalty (Griffin and Herres, 2002). Identifying primary consumers or consumer groups that the business aims at as significant to its company mission is an important step that has to be carried out. Agreements with regards to goods and/or services spelling out the intensity of presentation are instituted together with these primary consumer groups. Performance measurements are carried out to examine the service levels given to consumers in addition to consumer profitability. For a company to be committed to relationship selling, it must become everyones responsibility. Customer loyalty is in job descriptions, training programs, reward and recognition, and action. Relationship selling begins with the contact with a customer and culminates with the receipt of an order. If the relationship selling management is effective, it will result in an ongoing series of orders from customers who are delighted to do business with the company. Bradley (2003) relates that the activities involved in managing relationship selling include sales force management, customer data management, cal center management, on-line product catalogs, product configuration, order/proposal configuration and order management. Relationship selling also includes the flow of work, material and information. The flow of information begins with customer contact. The information that must be managed includes order status, production status, process planning, maintenance information and schedules. Firms need to have a clear-cut, well-defined approach to managing their relationship selling. Typically, the process entails selecting the portfolio of customers to serve, developing a corresponding portfolio of relationship selling strategies, monitoring the health of customer relationships over time and linking relationship selling management efforts to economic reward – that is, customer profitability. How well a firm manages the relationship selling activity will determine the degree to which it is able to quantify the costs and benefits associated with relationship selling, which, in turn, will influence its decision about which customers to continue to serve. Rogers (2001) also shares that other key strategy elements in relationship selling include those of personalizing the relationships to each and every sole consumer, supplementing primary services with added advantages, services with respect to pricing in order to persuade customers to be loyal, and treating employees well in order that that they carry out their duties better for the customers as well. Future Directions The growing adoption of a relationship selling system is evidence that businesses are to a greater extent attempting to place the consumers interest at the heart of their trade as part of their overall business strategy. For many organizations, a focus on customer relationship strategies may be premature until sales management practices are properly aligned with the intended strategic orientation (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Reliance on sales quotas that focus performance on short-term behaviors may be in direct conflict with long-term relationship objectives. Strategic realignment of the selling effort toward long-term customer relationships calls for a reexamination of common sales management tools such as sales quotas, compensation methods, and evaluation methods and measures to assure they are consistent with relational selling objectives of the firm. But there is little doubt that the manner in which salespeople establish and maintain relationships is a sophisticated part of their job. The salesperson who is honest, accountable, and cares about the customer’s business adds value to the relationship. Salespeople should recognize that the quality of the partnership they create is at least as important as the product they sell, and to this end, they must adapt to the buying needs of customers whenever possible. While sales and marketing functions constantly adapt to modernization, old techniques are not always abandoned (Honeycutt, Ford and Simintiras, 2003). Selling has thrived because it has diversified along with the markets it serves. As technology has created a vast array of products and options, global markets, and niche markets, it has also fragmented and expanded the salespersons role. To continue to exist in lively market places, businesses obviously have to to set up strategies that can endure the unstable changes in the environment of the market. They have to erect well-built fundamentals that won’t be propelled away in the rage of the storm that is competitiveness. And they simply cannot carry that out through centering their attention on promotions and advertising alone. To a certain extent, they have to have a firm grasp of the market structure that they are targeting. After that they should improve and maintain good relationships with key stakeholders in the market that are directly affected by their actions. Said relationships are more vital than inexpensive tag prices, flamboyant advertising, or even superior technology. Customers and others influence changes in products and services through their participation in the relationship selling process. Transformations in the market environment can rapidly and surprisingly adjust the prices and technologies, save for well-built relationships that can stand the tests of time. These developments should challenge the marketing communications manager because it includes knowledge management, marketing automation, customer care, call centers, and sales force automation. This is obviously much more than promotional advertising design.

The Emperors New Clothes :: essays research papers

Recently I read one of the Hans Christian Anderson's short stories, The Emperor's New Clothes. This Danish writer in his story made such a good picture of foolish kings and governors that now-a-days are much more before. Many years ago there was an emperor who was so excessively fond of new clothes that he spent all his money on them. He cared nothing about his army, nor for people and his country, except to showing off his new clothes. One day two swindlers came to castle and said to emperor that they can weave the most beautiful stuff imaginable. Not only were the colors and patterns unusually fine, but the clothes that were made of these stuffs had the peculiar quality of becoming invisible to every person who was not fit for the office he held, or if he was impossibly dull. Emperor thought that those must be magnificent clothes, besides he should be able to discover which men in his kingdom are unfitted for their posts. Therefore he ordered to those two swindlers to make it ready for next month ceremony. Two swindlers asked such a huge amount of pure gold thread, fine silk and expensive cottons. They started their work in a separated room. They did put up two looms and all the time they just pretend to make such a fine stuff. The day and night they were busy with empty looms, but time to time they asked precious materials for emperor's new clothes. After a time, emperor sent his old minister to see what's going on. The poor old minister went there but he could not see any thing. Firstly he was worry that he could not see that stuff, but when two swindlers asked about clothes, he answered that it's magnificent. Two swindlers started to describing great patters and originality of colors and old minister paid great attention on them. After that when he back to emperor, he just repeat all swindlers words. After some times again one another person was sent to that room, but the same story happened. After all in occasion day emperor and a number of his courtiers, among them, the two faithful officials who had already seen the imaginary stuff, went to visit new clothes. No one could see the stuff, but every one was pretend to see something. Emperor himself could not see any thing but he put on that invisible stuff and finally in the street one innocent boy shouted that emperor has no clothes!

Hiv Film Reaction Paper Essay

The story unfolds to a freelance director of a documentary named Gil. He was tasked to document everything that covers HIV. His subjects were Heidi a prostitute, Ivy a call center agent and Vanessa a gay. So determined to finish the documentary, Gil finds no time for his girlfriend. Most of his time was spent working on the documentary. He didn’t have a hard time convincing the three to be his subjects since he tells them that they are a great help to those who needed to be informed about the disease. But as they go through shooting and editing, Heidi died, Ivy gave up and Vanessa got into trouble. Adel asked Gil why he is really so desperate to finish the documentary and why it seemed so important to him. Gil tries to keep the real reason that very hard moment. Until one day he was awakened to what Ivy has told him that she wants him to give voice to the victims of the disease then Gil ended up deciding to be just one of the subjects who would complete the story. He appeared on cam telling his audience that the documentary is about the story of the people who are trying to live despite having HIV and still sees hope. The story of Heidi, Ivy and Himself. The strong point of the film is really the screenplay which is in time and has an impact. The acting was established well since the actors suit to each of the character they portrayed. Also, it has a good cinematography. The shots and angles are just good enough to be able to leave a good impression to the audience. Seeing the film, every element is very good which leaves its audience a very positive reaction.

Corporations And Corporate Social Responsibility - 1140 Words

ÃŽ » Introduction With the development of economy and society, large corporations not only have responsible for make profit to their shareholders, but also taking environmentally responsible and undertaking corresponding social responsibilities as well as other stakeholders. This point of view could be involve in the corporate social responsibility (King and Lawley, 2013). Additionally, the definition of stakeholders are individuals or groups which affected by an organization and have an interest in its activities (Freeman, 1984). Moreover, Starik (1994) stated that those who potentially have impact on an organization may also is a stakeholder. However, according to Lynch (2006) argued that when a corporation involve many stakeholders, they†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, separation between ownership and control in a large corporation will cause conflict between the interests of owners and directors (Jensen and Meckling, 1978). For example, Sunbeam, which is a manufacturer of small ba ckyard and kitchen appliances had an accounting fraud in 1996 due to Dunlap, A. J. who is the CEO at Sunbeam corporation overstated revenue by  £62 million almost 33% of sales. This scandal caused Sunbeam filed for bankruptcy in 2001 because they can not cover the huge accounting fraud (BBC, 2005). Moreover, CNN NEWS (2001) also reported that Dunlap as a president was dismissed from Nitec Paper Corporation in 1976 and confronted with similar fraud allegations, â€Å"accused by the company’s owner of overstating inventory, fabricating sales and covering up a loss of $5.5 million.† These examples show that although not every large corporation’s executive directors will abuse their power to cover poor company performance and caused the damage of profit of other stakeholders, large corporations are more complex than limited company, thus they are easier be exploited by those who have power to control the company. ÃŽ » Suppliers Suppliers have a mutual relationship with corporations in a

Essay about The Constitutionality of Prayer - 846 Words

The question of the constitutionality of prayer in our public schools and public school system has been an ongoing controversy for the past three decades. There is only one way to end the controversy, and it is pertinent to the well being of our youth and our nation. We must keep church and state forever separate. Any form of prayer in the public school system is an explicit violation of the first amendment, is coercive, and harmful to not only our nations children, but to the nation itself. The question of prayer in school should never have even been a question, and the fact that it remains three decades later is nothing short of unfaithful to the constitution. One could even go so far as to call this issue unpatriotic, as we are†¦show more content†¦Or, take it from Thomas Jefferson. As he put it, the First Amendment serves in part to build â€Å"a wall of separation between church and state† (Gaylor). Any way you put it it is clear to see that the First Amendment was created to keep church and state separate, and allowing prayer in our public schools is an obvious violation to the intentions of the creators of the Constitution. There is no possible way one could misinterpret the intentions of our forefathers when they wrote the Bill of Rights. The First Amendment forbids government funded religious activity. Public Schools are government funded, and prayer is a religious activity. Therefore, according to our constitution, prayer has no place in our public schools. This is not to say that a Christian child cannot pray to God, or a Muslim child cannot pray to Allah, they just cannot do so during the time spent at school or during school functions. This leaves the average elementary to high school student with a good 130 hours a week to do their worshiping, and this does not even include weekends (Education). If the amendment itself is not clear enough, maybe a little history is. No one can argue that our founders made America home in pursuit of religious freedom. This is fact. America was created when our founding fathers fled religious persecution from their own government. Since the beginning America has been a religious mosaic, blending Christians with Catholics andShow MoreRelatedThe Constitutionality of Prayer in Public Schools Essay698 Words   |  3 PagesMany people agree against prayer in public schools, while others think that people should be able to express their religion in their own ways. In public schools, they are not allowed to hold prayers at all during the school day due to the mixed religion students that are attending the school. Over the past few years, this has become an extremely controversial issue in our nation. Many people find it proper to pray in school but many people also agree that it is extremely wrong and that if thereRead MoreShould Prayer Be Allowed? School?1623 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment is too powerful and those that would agree that prayer should be allowed in school. On th e flip side to that those that feel the government does not have enough power and tend to disagree with pear being allowed in school. Based off articles researched and statistics gathered as well summarized it can be determined that those that are of the conservative and or republican party tend to feel that the government should not have a say in prayer in school. This may be because of religious preferenceRead MoreAlabama V. Jaffree ( 1985 )1737 Words   |  7 PagesAlabama statute 16-1-20.1, allowing a period of silence for meditation or voluntary prayer violate the First Amendment Establishment Clause that is applied to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment? Facts of the Case: The case of Wallace v. Jaffree calls into question the constitutionality of an Alabama statute that authorized teachers to lead a one-minute period of silence for â€Å"meditation or voluntary† prayer in all public schools. Ishmael Jaffree, the parent of three students in the Mobile CountyRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1466 Words   |  6 Pagesreflected in early schooling, as many schools that children attended began the day with either prayers, readings from the King James version of the Bible, or some form of praising the Christian God. Over time, our country has shifted away from our devotion to religion. Because less people agree on religion in this country, and because public schools are government entities, as cases about religion and prayer in public schools have come up, religion has been separated from the schooling process moreRead MoreExpansion Of Federal Power : The United States1546 Words   |  7 Pagesactivities including minimum wage and labor. 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This has kept the political issue of religion at a boil and confused many people on theRead MoreTeaching in America: God in Schools826 Words   |  3 Pageslead any type of prayer or religious readings during school time. Many people complained about their children learning about different religions from teachers in school. These people felt that it was the job of the parents at home and not the teachers in school to influence their children about religions. â€Å"(T)eachers and other public school officials may not lead their classes in prayer, devotional readings from the Bible, or other religious activities.† (â€Å"Guidance on Constitutionality†). Government

Social Communication Skills With Diverse Work Populations

Having strong social communication skills as a Human Resources Manager, Supervisor, Generalist or similar role is necessary when interacting with diverse work populations. It is also salient for these employees during times when personal, emotional, topics are being addressed. It has been my experience that having successful communication skills is a quality that is developed amongst leaders and not necessarily an inherent trait. My goal is to help a team of Human Resources low to mid level leaders to develop their social communication skills so that they may build deeper rapport with their subordinates. To successfully have the outcomes mentioned above this workshop will consist of the following objectives: To define and describe†¦show more content†¦The remainder of this summary workshop includes: Firstly, further information regarding the participants; secondly, a detailed outline of the workshop scheme and what is instructed/facilitated; and finally the overall purpose and rationale for conducting this workshop. Participants My intention is to conduct a trail workshop with Human Resources Leaders at my current internship and other leaders outside of the organization if possible. The members who are a part of my organization consist of four Human Resources leaders. I am currently an intern for the Brooklyn Nets basket ball team. This organization operates in the entertainment/media industry. Currently the Nets have approximately 250 full-time and part-time employees. At the moment, this HR management team consists of: one HR Generalist, one HR Senior Manager, One HR Vice President, and one HR Chief Executive Officer listed in ascending order. Each of these roles involve interacting with both salaried and hourly employees on a regular basis. As a team, these HR leaders hold the main responsibilities of: increasing employee engagement, reducing turnover, on-boarding new-hires, and increasing employee satisfaction most importantly of all the other many tasks in within their department. Outline of Worksho p This half-day workshop is centralized on social communication skills with diverse

Greek Art and Architecture Essay Example For Students

Greek Art and Architecture Essay The Palace of Knossos, a Minoan mud brick and timber structure on a shallow stone foundation, featuring a central courtyard, was constructed on an acropolis. It was a place for rulers to reside, shrines for religious ceremonies to be worshipped, the industrial production of objects, and administrative duties. Ample hallways, stairways, chambers, and light wells supplemented the ambitiously built structure. There were plenty of columns to mark he four awe inspiring entrance passages. Four wings, oriented in a north-south direction, surrounded the central courtyard. The east wing featured the residential spaces, a workshop, and a shrine, while the west wing was complete with more shrines, a throne room, storerooms, and a banquet hall. The north wing included a theater area. The south wing featured a separate paved courtyard west of the palace. Inside the Palace of Knossos, plastered walls were painted with color washes. The walls were also decorated with frescos, many of which depicted religious ceremonies. The Minoans were a people who enjoyed life. Many wine jars were found and it can be noted that women commonly bore their breasts. Long hair and makeup were popular and many festivals and events were held at the 1400 room palace. Nothing was fortified. These people had a love of art, color, and leisure, as depicted in many of the frescos at Knossos. Minoan art occasionally featured geometric and repetitive forms on walls, floors, and ceilings, but more common were figurative and landscape elements. Often seen were both local and foreign flowers and plants. It is important to mention that no narrative style has been noted and there are no hieroglyphics to decipher the images at Knossos. An example of a Minoan fresco at Knossos is the Bull Jumping mural, about 24 1. 2 in height. One person holds the horns of a bull while another jumps over the animal. This may have been a sporting event, as bulls were an important image, ad may have been sacrificed. Figures in these Minoan works are much more animated than typical Egyptian examples. A face of a bull with guilded horns, about 12 tall, was found at Knossos. Created from steatite with shell, rock crystal, and red jasper, a white, chalky substance was rubbed into carvings on it to give the illusion of texture and detail. Water or some other liquid could be poured from into the back and out of the bulls mouth. Unlike the Minoan Palace of Knossos, the Citadel of Mycenae was heavily fortified and featured many entrances. Its famous gate, The Lion Gate, is known for its keystone depicting two of the animal. Though the columns appear Minoan in style, this is a Mycenaean innovation featuring the first example of monumental sculpture in Greek art. This post and lintel limestone entrance is over 96 tall. Also Mycenaean, the Beehive Tomb at the Treasury of Atreus, complete with corbelling, and post and lintel entranceway, and a long walkway. The Treasury of Atreus is a well preserved tholos tomb with a round, corbelled interior roof, cushioned capital columns, and a small chamber. This monument was once highly decorated with paint and sculpture, though this can no longer be seen. A mask, once thought to depict the face of Agamemnon, though now a disproved theory, was found at the royal tombs of Mycenae. It is the likeness of a man and was used as a burial mask with a less stylized beard and mustache. Mycenae was full of war and turmoil. A vase, c. 1300-100 bc, was dubbed The Warrior Vase for its scene of women bidding farewell to the warrior men. Such a solemn feel seems to typify these times. Other signs of unrest include dagger blades with gold and silver inlay on bronze, representing various animal scenes and people carrying shields, found at Mycenae. Compared with Mycenae, Knossos appears to be a much more peaceful and artistic society. While both civilizations produced great art, the Knossos versions are more focused on peace and happiness, worship and love, while the examples found at the Citadel of Mycenae are not nearly as pleasant and unassuming. Essay #2 An example of a Geometric style vase is a terra cotta one from the Dipylon Cemetery, c. 750 bc. At 42 5/8 tall, this massive sized vase is meant to hold offerings. As per this period, the vase was used as a grave marker, keeping a detailed record of funerary rituals for an important person. The body of the dead was placed on the side of a high platform at the center of the top register of the vase. Male and female figures stand on each side of the body, gesturing in anguish. Chariots and foot soldiers form a procession. Abstract forms represent the human figures in full frontal or profile views, with no attempt at three dimensional form. The carefully arranged elements induce strong emotions nonetheless. Complex decoration, flat patterns, and outline shapes are typical from this period, as are the triangular torsos, rectangular arms, small waists, and long legs. Orientalized vases differ from earlier vases in their use of narrative story telling, particularly in mythical themes. A ceramic wide-mouthed pitcher, known as an olpe, from Corinth, c. 600 bc, at 11 1/2 tall, is painted in the black figure style of decoration. There are dark shapes on a pale background. The details are incised and the design enhanced with touches of white and red-purple gloss. In this vase, mythical creatures are silhouetted against stylized rosettes. What Is An Affirmative Action EssayThe peristyle of columns are set up with eight viewable from the front and back, and seventeen viewable from either side. These columns rest on a three level platform. To avoid an appearance of curvature from a distance, the architects designed the Parthenon with a slightly upward curved stylobate and entablature by entasis. The columns also have a swelling and lean inward just a bit from the bottom to the top. At each corner, the columns were placed closer together. All these optical refinements give the Parthenon a less boxy structural feel with instead, a stronger sculptural appeal. It is interesting to note that all these plans were carried out to make the Parthenon more appealing at a distance, however, those people who were lucky enough to be able to visit, and enter, had a difficult time viewing much of the wonderful sculpture. The frieze, for example, is located forty feet overhead, and because of the way it is set in the interior wall of the inner temple chamber, it is nearly impossible to see much of anything at all. The cella is enclosed in the temple, with an easterly opening. There is another space inside with an opening to the west. The entablature on both sides of the temple contains the frieze scene of the Panathenaic Festival. The sculpture decorating the Parthenon was completed in 432 bc by Pheidias. The pediments, depicting different Athena-related themes, were a sculpture-in-the-round, set in the cornice and secured with pins. The east pediment is a representation of the birth of athena, located above the cella entrance. The central figures are Zeus giving birth to adult-sized Athena with armor. Apollo and Selene are each located on either corner. The west pediment depicts a contest that Athena won against Poseidon for control of Athens. This one is set over the entrance to the acropolis. The Ionic frieze on the north size of the Parthenon represents the Panathenaic Festival, held each year to honor Athena. Women carried a wool peplos to the sanctuary to cover a wooden statue of Athena. In the frieze, there are horse riders and young men walking, all in good physical shape. As in many of the other sculpture of this time, it seems an ideal portrait to lookup to as example, not necessarily as things actually were. This frieze contains key elements of Classical Greek form. Athletic nudity or partial nudity, figures which turn to the front, side, and back equally, controlled movements, and restless horses are some of these elements. Structurally, this frieze is not proportioned correctly and the perspective is incorrect, but this was a planned method to show intense movement and liveliness. First to be carved in the mid-440s bc, were the mythologically symbolic metopes. The Doric frieze included 92 metope reliefs, with fourteen on each end and thirty-two along each side. Various battles are represented by a Centaur against a Lapith, a god against a Giant, and a Greek against either a Trojan or an Amazon. The original statue of Athena Parthenos, c. 440 bc, no longer exists, though reproductions do. These reproductions were generated with information found about the original, along with information known about how Athena was considered to be. The original statue used approximately 2500 pounds of gold, making it what may have been very controversial for Pheidias. Athena was depicted as a warrior with her helmet and visor, which displayed winged horses. The Nike figures stands in Athenas outstretched hand. The shield rests at her side, a sign that war is over, but Athena is still prepared and protective of her city. Athena was the goddess of Athens, but it is still unsure which came first. This statue of the greatly revered Athena stood in her temple to be both revered and to protect her city and its people. The shield that rests by Athena is highly decorated and given its immense size, the work that went into this project is unimaginable. The inside part shows the gods against the giants, depicted the giants storming Mount Olympus. The amazons are sculpted on the outside of the shield. Even Athenas sandals have figurative sculpture, this time of Lapiths and Centaurs fighting. Along the base of the statue, golden images of Pandora and witnesses to her birth contrast strongly against a white background. There is so much information available architecturally and symbolically on the Parthenon that it is hard to form a concise short description of important points, however, it is because of this knowledge, that scholars have been able to really understand Greek art and architecture.