The Baby Boomers Have Squandered Their Children’s Future

THE BABY BOOMERS HAVE SQUANDERED THEIR CHILDREN'S FUTURE We should protect ourselves from the self centred attitude of the elderly. A generation that have ‘pulled the ladder they climbed up after them', intending to prevent youth from attaining the merits of their own yesteryears. I am painting the picture of intergenerational fairness – a product of blame and a constant of culture designed to justify the impeding nature of society today. This vociferous claim is stifling nations as the desire to classify a diagnosis implants the division of ages through a unjustified mood.The baby boomer generation filled the hole opened by the wounded and dead, supplied a new workforce and bolstered prosperity, developing consumerist nations. A 1958 story in Life magazine declared that â€Å"kids† were a â€Å"built-in recession cure. † Whilst the thousands of men who returned infertile are denied scrutiny, despite declining fertility rates, aiding an ageing generation an d contributing a diminutive amount to society. To destroy the idyllic past is the recollection of rationing, utility clothing, national service and events such as the Vietnam war.Can dwindling resources, debt or the enevitable issues of over population really be placed on these elders' shoulders? Especially as, since October those over 65 are allowed to remain in occupations, so state reliance beforehand is free from their influence, just poor government prediction. Opposition then utter words of stunted growth. However the labour market is dynamic, not static – mature workers continue to pay taxes, fuelling the wealth that will expand employment, providing those opportunities for the young. In the UK university attendance has increased by 40%, the literacy rate is 99%, minimum wage will increase to ? . 31, we face higher life expectancy, and greater affluence as wealth is expected to double by 2050. Is this prospectus so detrimental or terminal? Since when has spending equal led squander? It merely stimulates the monetary cycle of the economy. The end of the post war economic boom, arrived from the collapse of the Bretton Woods System in 1971,the 1973 oil crisis and The Nixon shock causing the stock market crash. It is the traditional conservative government that now promotes that each generation has a moral obligation, acting as a trustee and beneficiary, moving attention towards insubstantial social issues.But western society is not expected to evaluate through ethnicity, gender or sexual orientation as it tends to distort conceptions, this can be applied to age. It is vital to consider that one single group, circumstance or historical event has ever been solely to blame. There is always a collective of responsibilities and actions, therefore to burden the baby boomer's would be naive and childish. An ideological obsession has formed causing the propagation of every single inequality and injustice between generations. A western, educated, modern socie ty judging averages, demonising the elderly rather than adapting and extending change.

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Philosophy Gung If Panda tells the story about Pop, who was chosen as the dragon warrior by the wise old turtle, Master Agway, to defeat the enemies and save China from evil. Unfortunately, Pop was an unlikely character for he was fat and clumsy. He thinks he is not strong enough for the Job as much as others think of him the same way. But as the movie keeps going, Pop decided to finally strip off his fears and insecurities.He learned that inner peace is what he need to realize that life is not about who we are, UT who can we can be. I also eventually found the passion and courage on Pop. He was always optimistic and brave to conquer any difficult problems. And I like the way he did when he faced the tough training from Master Shift, because he used his ability â€Å"eating†, to transform and be better warrior. His unsophisticated mind made complicated things more simple and easy.From this predicable plot, we can find one very important lesson in life, especially for us teens who hold the future: Trust ourselves. No one can ever tell you that you can't, especially when you know with all your heart that you are on the right path. One must not give up and continue to believe to achieve dreams so that you would not regret. Achieving Inner peace Is also achieving inner strength. Gung If Panda also teaches the shy ones who lack confidence in their abilities and capacities. The movie tells that falling Is not the basis to continue dreaming and aiming.One must not be afraid to fall, because failure and stake helps an Individual to be better and stronger and will motivate you to keep trying. Life may not be perfect and we may have Insecurities or a traumatic childhood. We may not be the best of the world and not have everything that we want. But it shouldn't stop us from reaching our full potential. Gung If Panda shows that we Just have to look deep within ourselves and find Inner peace, so we can choose where we want to be. Skids By Deanne Unfortunately, Pop wa s an unlikely character for he was fat and clumsy.He thinks he is believe to achieve dreams so that you would not regret. Achieving inner peace is also confidence in their abilities and capacities. The movie tells that failing is not the basis to continue dreaming and aiming. One must not be afraid to fail, because failure and mistake helps an individual to be better and stronger and will motivate you to keep trying. Life may not be perfect and we may have insecurities or a traumatic that we Just have to look deep within ourselves and find inner peace, so we can

What are the most important stratgic of quality mangent Research Paper

What are the most important stratgic of quality mangent - Research Paper Example Applying some tools of Total Quality Management is the secret of that successful. The most important strategies of Total Quality Management that should be established in the successful companies are quality circle, quality improvement team, quality of human resources, and employing the six sigma as one of the strategies. First understanding and employing quality circle drive companies to success. The order of quality circle that will be following is starting from main management of the company through employees, product or service, and customer which ending in the company by getting higher income. First of all, employees are vital part of the companies since they are the people who are working to provide the service or production of the product. Only if the company has good employees, will it success. That is the reason of the hiring employee into the quality circle which will be the way of driving organization to success. According to Berry (1991), Managing the Total Quality Transformation, by the quality circle the employees should be wishful to share within the higher planning of Total Quality Management since their effort will be spent on, also staff will be more productively. That shows staff will be working with high quality in their work environment, if they participated in their department p lan because they will spend their energy and time on it. Secondly, customer satisfaction is the only logical method to maintain the high level of progress and success in companies. If the company won the customer satisfaction which could be achieved by the quality circle, that will be reflected on the increase in production and in their income. Which means itll have the opportunity to achieve a high percentage of sales and to widening the scope of the customer. According to Nocero (2002), in his article â€Å"Seal of Approval† customer could control cost of products or services by their satisfaction. Therefore, the

Beatitudes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Beatitudes - Essay Example Although scientific evidences show that each individual carries a unique characteristic, and because of there are different tastes and preferences, there is a common thing that human beings share altogether: the freedom to choose what is desired (Deuteronomy 30:19). This freedom applies to all and is not entirely restricted to the Christian faith. In this freedom, there are things that should be considered by many like what characteristics to retain and what to dispose of. The attributes that a person chooses will determine his path towards one goal: eternal happiness, not here on earth, but in a place called â€Å"paradise.† As what Shakespeare once said: â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question.† Each individual is gifted with freedom to choose who to follow and which path to take. This freedom is similar to voting for a promising candidate who will lead the nation to success. Some people say that a person gets to choose his or her own destiny but there are factors that affect one’s decisions. Most probably, determining exactly what tomorrow has in store is an impossible endeavor (James 4:14). This is a constantly changing world that is filled with uncertainties which in turn make upcoming events 99.99 percent unpredictable. It makes normal living a bit more difficult. The human race is still taken aback because of the many surrounding wonders and mysteries, even uncertainties that are present in this world. There are things that are either unexplainable or difficult to explain even with the advanced scientific knowledge (Ecclesiastes 8:17). Still, there are circumstances or events that puzzle the human logic and render the most powerful thinking machines useless. In the scientific field, biologists, to date, are still unsuccessful in creating a living cell despite extensive knowledge of its structure and composition. Physicists on the other hand,

Utilitarian Objects as Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Utilitarian Objects as Art - Essay Example As such, it was used not only on a daily basis, but also many times throughout the day. The Clock has a minimal color base combining a muted grey exterior, with a white and black interior. To a great degree it is recognized that this minimal color base functions as a means of functionality. In these regards, the white and black functions as a means of creating a visual juxtaposition that allows the user to view the clock clearly and from a distance. As a readymade the Clock has a complex artistic meaning. One recognizes the centrality of this device to the daily lives of 20th century citizens. In these regards, the object is an articulation and manifestation of the very engine of social existence. The Clock contains the traditional hands pointing to numbers, as well as a digital interface for the date. This hybridity of design is a testament to the shifting sociocultural landscape that the emerging world found themselves in at the concluding period of the 20th century, as traditional modes of living clashed with an infusion of digital culture. This post-modern combinatory aesthetic opens the art object to meditative contemplation. The viewer is led to consider Marshall Mcluhan who famously noted that the medium is the message. While Mcluhan was referring to the televisual apparatus and its media dissemination message, the Clock opens this dialectic to demonstrate that time is the very medium that governs our daily existence. In this context of understanding the hybrid traditional and digital presentation is a clear indication of the shifting medium and fabric of our daily existence. In the 21st century the days of our lives are increasingly measured and mediated through a digital medium. When considered in the context of Einstein’s theory of relativity one recognizes that the very nature of time is mutable and transformative. The impact of such a shift is both demonstrative of the

Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Journalism - Essay Example The reason behind the easy usage of twitter accounts to spread messages fast if the features that it has incorporated in enhancing the sharing of information. This aids in fast spreading of information across the globe within seconds. For instance, from the reading, Twitter has played a very fundamental role in enhancing the communication of critical messages. Such messages include information about terror attacks (Hermida 672-673). The reading gives some insight on the importance of people to embrace the use of twitter as a social media communication platform. Twitter has a major impact on the journalism practice in everyday life. The social media communication platform has had quite and influence how in the reporting and distribution of information globally in the news houses. The use of Twitter affect how other news organizations have to respond to breaking news in order to have a significant input to the public. In addition, the journalists’ scope is evolving daily to because of the new communication platform to that is making great impacts in the communication industry (680). The article is about the impact that citizen journalism has from case studies done in China. In china, the mainstream media is in strict control and there is the intensification of social conflicts. These happen amid the worsening sentiments among the nationals in the country. The reading is very realistic about the current society where citizen and mainstream journalism communication have taken root. For instance, it cuts across the citizen communication and its impact in the societies that are non-democratic both politically and socially. The reading gives insight on what is happening in most societies in the world in terms of communication practices. It is evident from the case stud citizen communication has a great influence in mainstream journalism in enhancing the online flowing of information. The establishment of

Second Langauge Learning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Second Langauge Learning - Assignment Example In the same way, second language learners of different nationalities find it difficult to produce the voiced consonant of the article â€Å"the† as well as the voiceless counterpart of this article as in â€Å"thin†. Grammatical errors that the learners of second language make can, in part, be attributed to interference between the first language and the second language. Nevertheless, at the phonological level, there is a certain level of reliability. Differences between other languages and English are often the major reason behind the interference. The process of learning is considerably simplified as the phonological differences or similarities between the first language and the second language become greater. Use of contrastive analysis hypothesis in the teaching of second language Inaccuracy of the learner’s language imparts the need for the teacher to ascertain if the error is related to pronunciation or grammar. In spite of all the controversies and critici sms that the use of contrastive analysis as a way of teaching second language has gained, many teachers still find the insights provided by the contrastive analysis hypothesis quite useful and helpful in comprehending the problems commonly faced by the students, and for making students understand what they need to learn. The contrastive analysis hypothesis provides the learners with the awareness of the differences between their first language and the second language. This helps the learners realize what speech habits of their native language can be transferred to the second language. â€Å"It seems desirable, then, that teachers be familiar with the significant differences between the... This essay approves that grammatical errors that the learners of second language make can, in part, be attributed to interference between the first language and the second language. Nevertheless, at the phonological level, there is a certain level of reliability. Differences between other languages and English are often the major reason behind the interference. The process of learning is considerably simplified as the phonological differences or similarities between the first language and the second language become greater. This report makes a conclusion that the interaction hypothesis assumes the learner to be in a continuous cycle of learning. The quality and amount of learning is directly linked with the variety of experiences that the learner has in the everyday life. Learner in the eyes of interaction hypothesis is a person with receptive personality traits. The curiosity of learning is assumed to be ingrained in the learner. However, the quality of learning is fundamentally associated with the hold of the other person in communication with the learner over the second language of the learner. The learner might be able to learn more as a result of the interaction with another individual who is also a non-native speaker of the language in which the communication takes place because the learner can then identify with the communication partner and might thus be better able achieve hold over the weak areas. During the process of communication, the learner negotiates in the second language which reveals gaps in his/her abilities.

Cross Culture Marketing strategy2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cross Culture Marketing strategy2 - Article Example They tend to take steps of the business context to make sure that relationships do not stop at just being business partners, but establishes allegiances as well. They believe that this method results to the establishment of harmonious relationships, with trust and loyalty, and eventually leads to a successful business relationship, where conflicts are resolved through mediation. For collectivists, â€Å"hasty litigation may be interpreted as uncompromising and self-oriented† (5), a big deviation from their sense of affective commitment, where business partners are treated as family. Entertainment, in the form of wining and dining is â€Å"a means of gauging the other party’s values, trustworthiness, and willingness to compromise† (2). This way, a possible business partner can be gauged or assessed according to his behavior not just as a possible business partner but a man and a future friend and â€Å"family† since â€Å"collectivists operate on solidarit y and share values† (4). Gift-giving on the other hand, is viewed by collectivists as a positive gesture. It is an expression of the â€Å"desire for partnership success† (James 5). Partnership success in a collectivist’s view means a lasting and enduring relationship with a sense of duty and obligation to each other (2). For a collectivist, â€Å"investments in time, energy and resources were acknowledged as pledges or signals to the buyer that the supplier was benevolent† (5). 2. In a collectivist culture, decisions are made collectively by senior members (James 2) and information sharing is of utmost importance. Being relationally oriented (1), with trust, commitment, cooperation, loyalty and obligation to his organization, it is not surprising that collectivist cultures rely more heavily on the use of social media. In high-context cultures, people prefer a less explicit form of communication (5). They prefer indirect

Public Affair class summary -- Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Affair class summary -- - Essay Example To be successful in the media relations a complete understanding of different media types such as print, broadcast and online media is essential. Moreover, the message is not always delivered as intended so to deal with the criticism an appointed spokesperson must have an authoritative, factual and credible way of approaching things. The criticism should be dealt with logical reasoning and denial is not an appropriate way of dealing. Moreover, the communications person must have a strong grip on all the media parameters with written plans, various options and deep investigative period to control the crisis and leaks (Lee, Neeley and Stewart). This chapter is well focusing on the media relations. Fitch in the chapter suggests that a person should choose to work in an organization or with the boss who shares the similar values because it will make that person a stronger advocate of his missions. Before starting up with any organization a proper research should be done on its history, previous records, their stated goals, missions and strategies and the long term plans. Clashes of interests in this line can lead to failure so using the strategic positioning is mandatory. After completing the research and acquiring information about resources get familiarized with the media itself. It could be done by analyzing the perspectives of all communicators such as reporters and then by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of those potential partners and looking up for all opportunities and threats. The most important asset is the press list so it should be built and updated on time. Further there should be an emphasis on internal environment and timely strategies for the control of politics are essential. Other than that, the communication strategies should be developed so that all the criticisms and reviews of people could be handled intelligently (Fitch and Holt). The major focus of the chapter is on explaining

Masking Poor Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Masking Poor Communication - Essay Example I remember the time when I told my husband that it would be nice to go on a vacation during the Christmas break. On my mind however, we cannot afford the vacation yet because of some bills which we still have to pay. Unfortunately, my husband thought that I was making a hint for him to plan a vacation. I assumed that he understood that it was just a thought and did not require a plan of action. On his end, he assumed that I was asking him to schedule one. What happened is we had to go ahead with the vacation since the booking was made already but of course, I felt it was an unnecessary expense. The good thing though is that we both enjoyed our time together. But miscommunication does not always have a happy ending. Some of our miscommunication experiences are sometimes quite frustrating. To try to resolve this problem of miscommunication and to make sure that it will be minimized in the future, it is important that I do not assume that I understand or my partner understands (Thompson , n.d.). I should confirm what I heard by repeating what the other person said. If for example, my partner told me that we will meet at the corner coffee shop at 9:00 am, I will confirm by repeating and saying, â€Å"We will meet at the corner coffee shop at 9:00 am.† The implicit rule is to double check with each other (Thompson, n.d.).

Theme Based Malls Essay Example for Free

Theme Based Malls Essay The development of unorganized retailing into an organized one in the form of shopping malls was a new concept for India until recent years. With the changing shopping needs and aspirations, consumers are finding it easier to shop at malls where a wide choice of merchandise is available under one roof which comprises the reasons for the growth of shopping malls in India. Thus bringing hundreds of bulk buyers under one roof is fast emerging as a new concept in the country. It gives a far better ambience removing the hustle and bustle of the narrow lanes of market. Malls have changed the way people used to shop but its time when malls too are changing. The emerging concept of themed based malls also called as specialty malls has changed the traditional outlook of the regular ones. They provide better shopping experience to their customers. The themed based mall caters specific need of the people and have specific target market segment. The success of these malls is entirely dependent upon the catchment areas, diversity with the product category and brands, the demand of the product/brands in the city and overall experience in the mall by the niche segment of customers. In such kind of malls, the range of goods plays a critical role in attracting customers. India is still a nascent market for this kind of malls. These malls are now operating in many cities in India including tier 2 and 3. Prosperous northern cities like Jalandhar, Ludhiana, and Patiala are gaining importance among retailers for theme based malls catering to niche customers for automobiles and jewellery. Some of the theme based malls existing in India are- Gold Souk (jewellery malls), Wedding Mall, Electronic Mall, Auto Mall, etc. With a rapidly expanding population of high net worth individuals, India has become one of the worlds five largest markets for luxury products and this sector is expected to grow at a rate of 15-20 percent per annum over the next five years. According to the retailers association of India these malls will take up 10% of the total malls in India in near future. There is great diversity in the Indian customer base and developers are beginning to understand the particular needs and aspirations of different market segments. In the last ten years, there has been a proliferation of traditional malls across India but demand is now creating a focus on niche markets and the necessity to provide differentiated shopping experiences. Success here is not judged by footfall but by high conversion rates as they target serious buyers. Research has also shown that the conversion rate for customer walk-ins into sales are as high as 70 to 80% in speciality malls as compared to 8% to 10% in traditional malls. The entry of organised players into retail development and mall management in India would help address issues like project execution and operational efficiency. The concept of theme-based retailing is likely to gain more momentum in the coming years. For India to grow further in this industry, it will require investment by both domestic and foreign players, attracting international retail investors wanting to enter newer markets. The ramping up of operations with big investments by both domestic and foreign participants in retail is likely to facilitate greater diversification, leading to the growth of specialty malls, thus transforming fundamental shopping format to unique selling proposition/concept.

Strategic Planning and External Analysis Tools Essay Example for Free

Strategic Planning and External Analysis Tools Essay Summary of key concepts and ideas from the lectures, tutorials and readings (500 words) Strategy is a roadmap designed to route the direction of the organization towards achieving its goals. Through an understanding of the organization’s vision and mission and the matching of resources and skills to the environment, the company can formulate and implement strategic plans to achieve long-term sustainable competitive advantage, meet the needs of consumers and satisfy stakeholder’s expectations (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2004). Before formulating a strategy, an organization has to gauge its current position in the market using strategic analysis. This involves the use of internal and external analysis tools to gain both an inside view of an organization and the macro environment. Internal analysis tools are used to identify and evaluate an organization’s strengths and weaknesses in terms of its resources, operational capabilities and core competencies. This gives the organization a picture of what strengths to exploit and develop further, and what weaknesses should be corrected to reduce market liability (Hill and Jones 2012). External analysis tools such as Porter’s five forces gives a view of the immediate competitive environment to reveal market opportunities and threats. It allows the organization to identify the market forces, which they have little to no control over, in order to develop contingencies into their strategic plans (Porter 1980). Dynamic capabilities such as SWOT analysis, is a combination of internal and external analysis to reflect an organization’s ability to adapt to volatile markets (Teece 2009). The strategic analysis process would provide a comprehensive overview of an organization’s competency, which then provides the basis for strategic formulation. A suitable approach to strategy formulation would strongly depend on the size and nature of the organization. One method that can be applied across different industries as well as organizations sizes is Porter’s generic strategy. It involves three different strategy classification; low cost leadership, product differentiation and target market focus (Porter 1980). Another method is Miles and Snow’s (1978) typology. It suggests that competing organizations are characterized based on their individual view of the competitive environment and how they allocate resources accordingly. The four basic categories are defender, prospector, analyzer, and reactor. Formulated strategies are not always acted upon, but may serve as a learning process towards more efficient strategy formulation. Allio (2005) states â€Å"immediately following the formal ratification of the firm’s vision and set of strategies, implementation can begin in earnest†. However, implementation of a strategy is considered the greatest challenge due to the risk of setbacks such as the lack of communication throughout the organization, unclear planning as well as poor monitoring and controls. Lastly, a key performance index is used to measure the current or future success of a strategy. It should be closely monitored as it measures performance aspects, which are critical towards the success of the organization (Paramenter 2007). Plans never always work out as anticipated, and contingency plans should be established to better prepare for unforeseen events (Steiner 1979). Therefore, strategy management should be treated with the utmost importance, as it differentiates between the success and failure of the firm. Section 2: Application of key concepts and ideas to the current business news (600 words) Griffin and Kucera (2012) article talks about PayPal’s tie up with Discover to achieve a competitive edge and strengthen its market position. By applying Porter’s five forces (1980) to access their strategic position, majority of forces are posing a challenge for PayPal and Discover. There is high competitive rivalry amongst major credit card companies with Discover  trailing after Visa, MasterCard and American Express (Barr 2012). Forecasted to surpass $171. 5 billion in 2012, up from a value of $105. 9 billion in 2011 (Gartner 2012), the burgeoning mobile payment market has attracted a high number of new entrants. Many major companies are creating their own individual systems to compete for a share of the market. One example is the Isis system by the major telecommunication companies (Johnson 2012). Finally, there is a high threat of substitute as consumers might find it more convenient to simply use cash or swipe their plastic card as compared to the new mobile payment method (Passy 2012). However, one market grabbing force is the low bargaining power of suppliers as the merchants supplying the service would be subjected to lower transaction costs under the PayPal system as compared to their counterparts (Hamblen 2012). Nevertheless, the bargaining power of customers in conjunction to new entrants and substitutes remains high, as there are just too many choices to choose from. Therefore, PayPal and Discover are in an unfavorable position. Welch’s (2012) article talks about how Campbell is innovating its soup products to meet the taste of a new generation. Through the use of the SWOT analysis (Andrews 1971), majority of factors prove positive. With the threat of a declining domestic soup market and difference in preference of a younger generation, it presents Campbell with an opportunity to innovate and differentiate its products in order to achieve market growth (Schultz 2012). Relying on its strengths to introduce new and innovative products fast, Campbell was able to generate a line of new products to address the needs of the new generation. However, Campbell’s weakness lies in the high selling price of its new line of products, three times the price of a can of normal soup. This along with the threat of cheaper alternatives by their competitors, such as Healthy Choice, may prove detrimental to Campbell’s success. Nevertheless, Campbell has had previous successes with higher priced products due to their strength to innovate their products towards the needs of the consumers. They also invest millions in target marketing and merchandising to extend its reach to consumers (Todd 2012). Therefore, it is a good strategy. Edwards (2012) article talks about GameStop’s shifted efforts into the refurbishing of Apple products to counter a declining market. Using the Boston Consulting Group’s Growth Share Matrix (Phadtare 2011), this strategy shows high return potential. With the decline of the gaming industry, sales fell by 25% from last year (Tassi 2012), GameStop’s former ‘Star’ which is the sale of new and used gaming hardware and software, has shifted into a ‘Cash Cow’ due to the decline of market growth. This shift presents an investment opportunity for ‘Question Mark’ to become a ‘Star’, through the conversion from a console game supplier, into the repair and resale of  Apple gadgets. However, with the dwindling interest of consumer to purchase overpriced resale items (Munarriz 2012), GameStop’s ‘Cash Cow’ would eventually shift to a ‘Dog’, providing difficulty in profit generation. There is also a risk that their ‘Question Mark’ would not become a ‘Star’ and just cost large efforts with little return. Nevertheless, Apple products still presents the biggest opportunity due to its large consumer base of over 230 million apple devices. Just by reselling 5 percent of the market, GameStop stands to gain $1 billion of new revenue over the next few years.

Application of Transition Metals

Application of Transition Metals The term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings: In the past it referred to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, which includes groups 3 to 12 on the periodic table. All elements in the d-block are metals (In actuality, the f-block is also included in the form of the lanthanide and actinide series). It also states that a transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell. Group 12 elements are not transition metals in this definition. Introduction to application of transition metals: The use of transition metals in the synthesis was taken up slowly by organic chemists. This is at first surprising because the industrial use of transition metals has a much long history hydroformylation using cobalt began in the 1930s. The Mond process using nickel tetra carbonyl was developed in the 19 century. Industry was willing to accept and uses processes that it could not understand black box reactions as long as they were profitable. Academics were handicapped by the desire to understand the chemistry. This was impossible until the ideas about chemical bonding and the necessary instrumentation matured in the years in the Second World War. Even with in this place, the impact of transition metals on the organic synthesis came late possibly because of the many fantastic main group reagents appeared. Application of Transition Metals: The application of transition metals is as follows: 1. Transition metals are applied in the organic reactions. Transition metals complex under goes a series of reactions that are generally unlike those main group compounds. The most fundamental is the simple coordination and dissociation of ligands. Dissociation may also be achieved by destruction of a ligand. This is often done by the oxidation of co and co2 using an amide oxide. 2. Transition metals are applied in the synthesis of metal hydride. M=C=O + OH- ====> M-H + CO2 Here metal carbonyl group reacts with hydroxide to give metal hydride and carbon dioxide. Hydrides such as, sodium borohydride, lithium aluminium hydride, diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL) and super hydride, are commonly used as reducing agents in chemical synthesis. The hydride adds to an electrophilic center, typically unsaturated carbon. Hydrides such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride are used as strong bases in organic synthesis. The hydride reacts with the weak Bronsted acid releasing H2. Hydrides such as calcium hydride are used as desiccants, i.e. drying agents, to remove trace water from organic solvents. The hydride reacts with water forming hydrogen and hydroxide salt. The dry solvent can then be distilled or vac transferred from the solvent pot. Hydrides are of important in storage battery technologies such as Nickel-metal hydride battery. Various metal hydrides have been examined for use as a means of hydrogen storage for fuel cell-powered electric cars and other purposed aspects of a hydrogen economy. Hydride intermediates are key to understanding a variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic cycles as well as enzymatic activity. Hydroformylation catalysts and hydrogenase both involve hydride intermediates. The energy carrier NADH reacts as a hydride donor or hydride equivalent. 3. Transition metal used in the complexes in fluorescence cell imaging. Transition metal complexes have often been proposed as useful fluorophores for cell imaging due to their attractive photo physical attributes, but until very recently their actual applications have been scarce and largely limited to ruthenium complexes in DNA and oxygen sensing. 4. Transition metal used as Catalysts. Some transition metals are good catalysts. For example: most automobiles have an emissions-control device called a catalytic converter. This device contains a screen of platinum or palladium along with rhodium, a metal. The presence of the transition metals, along with the heat of combustion generated by an automobile engine causes an exhaust coming from an internal combustion engine to be broken down from partially burned hydrocarbon compounds into less harmful compounds such as water vapour and carbon dioxide. Catalytic applications of transition metals in organic synthesis:- OXIDATION REACTIONS: The epoxidation, dihydroxylation and aminohydroxylation reactions of alkenes, especially their asymmetric variants, continue to attract considerable attention. The basic principles were covered in the previous review. The use of fluorous solvents has now been demonstrated formany transition metal catalysed reactions. One advantage that they offer for catalyticepoxidation is the fact that molecularoxygen has a high solubility in fluorous solvents. The combination of O2 with pivalaldehyde and manganese catalysts hasbeen shown to be effective for epoxidation of alkenes in aracemic and enantioselective sense. The fluorous soluble ligand afforded a manganese complex which was insoluble incommon organic solvents, but soluble in the fluorous phase.Indene was converted into indene oxide with high enantioselectivity,although other substrates afforded low selectivity The fluorous phase, containing the active catalyst,could be recycled. Manganese salen complexes have also now been successfullyimmobilised within polymer supports, and still provide high Whilst the enantiomerically pure manganese salen complexes are still often the most enantio selective available for epoxidation of unfunctionalised alkenes, alternative systems are often reported. For example, End and Pfaltz have used rutheniumbis (oxazoline) complexes to provide up to 69% ee in the epoxidation of stilbene. The use of methyltrioxorhenium as a catalyst for epoxidationcontinues to attract attention. Herrmann and co-workershave shown that a combination of methyltrioxorhenium withpyrazole affords a highly efficient catalyst for the epoxidation of alkenes. Styrene was converted cleanly into styrene oxide with this catalytic combination. Reduction reactions The reduction of various functional groups can often be achieved using transition metal catalysts and a suitable reducing agent: often molecular hydrogen, silanes, boranes orhydrides. Amongst all of the possibilities, metal-catalysed hydrogenation has been the most widely studied, especially asan asymmetric process.Some recently reported examples of rhodium-catalyse dasymmetric hydrogenation of alkenes include the conversion ofthe enamide into the derivatised amino alcohols and the regioselective hydrogenation of dienyl acetate into the allyl acetate both using the Me-DuPhos ligand .Reports of new ligands for asymmetric hydrogenation of alkenes continue to appear, often providing highly selective examples.Ruthenium catalysed hydrogenation of alkenes is also popular,and an interesting example has been provided by Bruneau,Dixneuf and co-workers. The achiral substrate is hydrogenatedwith an enantiomerically pure ruthenium complex into compound , which behaves as propionic acid attachedt o a chiral auxiliary. The achiral auxiliary in the substrate is converted into an enantiomerically enriched one prior to a subsequent auxiliary controlled functionalisation. Lewis acid catalysed reactions:- Lewis acids are able to catalyse a wide range of reactions. Theaddition of cyanide to aldehydes is one such reaction and hasbeen studied by many groups. Recently, North, Belokon andco-workers have used a titanium (salen) complex to catalyse the addition of trimethylsilylcyanide to benzaldehyde withlow catalyst loadings. Less work has been reported on theenantioselective addition of cyanide to imines, although it providesa useful route to ÃŽÂ ±-amino acids (Strecker synthesis). However, there have been several reports of the enantio selective variant of this reaction by aluminium catalysts,non-metallic catalysts, and with the zirconium catalysts, reported here. The imine is converted into the ÃŽÂ ±-aminonitrile with good yield and enantio selectivity Scandium triflate is a good catalyst for the allylation of aldehydes with allylsilanes and stannanes. Aggarwal and Vennallhave detailed the allylation of aldehydes followed by in situ acylation.36 Benzaldehyde allylsilane and acetic anhydride undergo coupling to provide the homoallylic acetate withscandium triflate as the catalyst Kobayashi and co-workers have shown that a three component system comprising of benzaldehyde an amine,such as aniline and allylstannane affo rds the homoallylicamine The reaction works more quickly in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate SDS, which provides amicellar system .The allylation of isolated imines with enantiomerically pure palladium complexes has been achieved with up to 82%enantiomeric excess. Catalytic coupling reactions:- The formation of C-C bonds, as well as C-X bonds can becatalysed by many transition metals, although palladium complexesseem to have a greater scope than other metals. The useof catalytic coupling reactions to provide biaryls has recently been reviewed. 5. REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS: The fact that the transition elements are all metals means that they are lustrous or shiny in appearance, and malleable, meaning that they can be molded into different shapes without breaking. They are excellent conductors of heat and electricity, and tend to form positive ions by losing electrons. Generally speaking, metals are hard, though a few of the transition metals-as well as members of other metal families-are so soft they can be cut with a knife. Like almost all metals, they tend to have fairly high melting points, and extremely high boiling points. Many of the transition metals, particularly those on periods 4, 5, and 6, form useful alloys-mixtures containing more than one metal-with one another, and with other elements. Because of their differences in electron configuration, however, they do not always combine in the same ways, even within an element. Iron, for instance, sometimes releases two electrons in chemical bonding, and at other times three. ABUNDANCE OF THE TRANSITION METALS: Iron is the fourth most abundant element on Earth, accounting for 4.71% of the elemental mass in the planets crust. Titanium ranks 10th, with 0.58%, and manganese 13th, with 0.09%. Several other transition metals are comparatively abundant: even gold is much more abundant than many other elements on the periodic table. However, given the fact that only 18 elements account for 99.51% of Earths crust, the percentages for elements outside of the top 18 tend to very small. In the human body, iron is the 12th most abundant element, constituting 0.004% of the bodys mass. Zinc follows it, at 13th place, accounting for 0.003%. Again, these percentages may not seem particularly high, but in view of the fact that three elements-oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen-account for 93% of human elemental body mass, there is not much room for the other 10 most common elements in the body. Transition metals such as copper are present in trace quantities within the body as well. (industrial effulent) DIVIDING THE TRANSITION METALS INTO GROUPS. There is no easy way to group the transition metals, though certain of these elements are traditionally categorized together. These do not constitute families as such, but they do provide useful ways to break down the otherwise rather daunting 40-element lineup of the transition metals. In two cases, there is at least a relation between group number on the periodic table and the categories loosely assigned to a collection of transition metals. Thus the coinage metals-copper, silver, and gold-all occupy Group 9 on the periodic table. These have traditionally been associated with one another because their resistance to oxidation, combined with their malleability and beauty, has made them useful materials for fashioning coins. Likewise the members of the zinc group-zinc, cadmium, and mercury-occupy Group 10 on the periodic table. These, too, have often been associated as a miniature unit due to common properties. Members of the platinum group-platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium-occupy a rectangle on the table, corresponding to periods 5 and 6, and groups 6 through 8. What actually makes them a group, however, is the fact that they tend to appear together in nature. Iron, nickel, and cobalt, found alongside one another on Period 4, may be grouped together because they are all magnetic to some degree or another. This is far from the only notable characteristic about such metals, but provides a convenient means of further dividing the transition metals into smaller sections. To the left of iron on the periodic table is a rectangle corresponding to periods 4 through 6, groups 4 through 7. These 11 elements-titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, and rhenium-are referred to here as alloy metals. This is not a traditional designation, but it is nonetheless useful for describing these metals, most of which form important alloys with iron and other elements. One element was left out of the rectangle described in the preceding paragraph. This is technetium, which apparently does not occur in nature. It is lumped in with a final category, rare and artificial elements. It should be stressed that there is nothing hard and fast about these categories. The alloy metals are not the only ones that form alloys; nickel is used in coins, though it is not called a coinage metal; and platinum could be listed with gold and silver as precious metals. Nonetheless, the categories used here seem to provide the most workable means of approaching the many transition metals. GOLD. Gold almost needs no introduction: virtually everyone knows of its value, and history is full of stories about people who killed or died for this precious metal. Part of its value springs from its rarity in comparison to, say iron: gold is present on Earths crust at a level of about 5 parts per billion (ppb). Yet as noted earlier, it is more abundant than some metals. Furthermore, due to the fact that it is highly unreactive (reactivity refers to the tendency for bonds between atoms or molecules to be made or broken in such a way that materials are transformed), it tends to be easily separated from other elements. This helps to explain the fact that gold may well have been the first element ever discovered. No ancient metallurgist needed a laboratory in which to separate gold; indeed, because it so often keeps to itself, it is called a noble metal-meaning, in this context, set apart. Another characteristic of gold that made it valuable was its great malleability. In fact, gold is the most malleable of all metals: A single troy ounce (31.1 g) can be hammered into a sheet just 0.00025 in (0.00064 cm) thick, covering 68 ft  2  (6.3 m  2  ). Gold is one of the few metals that is not silver, gray, or white, and its beautifully distinctive color caught the eyes of metalsmiths and royalty from the beginning of civilization. Records from India dating back to 5000  B.C.  suggest a familiarity with gold, and jewelry found in Egyptian tombs indicates the use of sophisticated techniques among the goldsmiths of Egypt as early as 2600  B.C.  Likewise the Bible mentions gold in several passages. The Romans called it  aurum  (shining dawn), which explains its chemical symbol, Au. Gold is as popular as ever for jewelry and other decorative objects, of course, but for the most part, it is too soft to have many other commercial purposes. One of the few applications for gold, a good conductor of electricity, is in some electronic components. Also, the radioactive gold-198 isotope is sometimes implanted in tissues as a means of treating forms of cancer. SILVER. Like gold, silver has been a part of human life from earliest history. Usually it is considered less valuable, though some societies have actually placed a higher value on silver because it is harder and more durable than gold. In the seventh century  B.C.  , the Lydian civilization of Asia Minor (now Turkey) created the first coins using silver, and in the sixth century  B.C.  , the Chinese began making silver coins. Succeeding dynasties in China continued to mint these coins, round with square holes in them, until the early twentieth century. The Romans called silver  argentum,  and therefore today its chemical symbol is Ag. Its uses are much more varied than those of gold, both because of its durability and the fact that it is less expensive. Alloyed with copper, which adds strength to it, it makes sterling silver, used in coins, silverware, and jewelry. Silver nitrate compounds are used in silver plating, applied in mirrors and tableware. (Most mirrors today, however, use aluminum.) A large portion of the worlds silver supply is used by photographers for developing pictures. In addition, because it is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity, silver has applications in the electronics industry; however, its expense has led many manufacturers to use copper or aluminum instead. Silver is also present, along with zinc and cadmium, in cadmium batteries. Like gold, though to a much lesser extent, it is still an important jewelry-making component. COPPER. Most people think of pennies as containing copper, but in fact the penny is the only American coin that contains no copper alloys. Because the amount of copper necessary to make a penny today costs more than $0.01, a penny is actually made of zinc with a thin copper coating. Yet copper has long been a commonly used coinage metal, and long before that, humans used it for other purposes. Seven thousand years ago, the peoples of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys, in what is now Iraq, were mining and using copper, and later civilizations combined copper with zinc to make bronze. Indeed, the history of prehistoric and ancient humans technological development is often divided according to the tools they made, the latter two of which came from transition metals: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age (c. 3300-1200  B.C.  ), and the Iron Age. Copper is also like its two close relatives in that it resists corrosion, and this makes it ideal for plumbing. Its use in making coins resulted from its anti-corrosive qualities, combined with its beauty: like gold, copper has a distinctive color. This aesthetic quality led to the use of copper in decorative applications as well: many old buildings used copper roofs, and the Statue of Liberty is covered in 300 thick copper plates. Why, then, is the famous statue not copper-colored? Because copper does eventually corrode when exposed to air for long periods of time. Over time, it develops a thin layer of black copper oxide, and as the years pass, carbon dioxide in the air leads to the formation of copper carbonate, which imparts a greenish color. The human body is about 0.0004% copper, though as noted, larger quantities of copper can be toxic. Copper is found in foods such as shell-fish, nuts, raisins, and dried beans. Whereas human blood has hemoglobin, a molecule with an iron atom at the center, the blood of lobsters and other large crustaceans contains hemocyanin, in which copper performs a similar function. ZINC. Together with copper, zinc appeared in another alloy that, like bronze, helped define the ancient world: brass. (The latter is mentioned in the Bible, for instance in the Book of Daniel,when King Nebuchadnezzar dreams of a statue containing brass and other substances, symbolizing various empires.) Used at least from the first millennium  B.C.  onward, brass appeared in coins and ornaments throughout Asia Minor. Though it is said that the Chinese purified zinc in about  A.D.  1000, the Swiss alchemist Paracelsus (1493-1541) is usually credited with first describing zinc as a metal. Bluish-white, with a lustrous sheen, zinc is found primarily in the ore sulfide sphalerite. The largest natural deposits of zinc are in Australia and the United States, and after mining, the metal is subjected to a purification and reduction process involving carbon. Zinc is used in galvanized steel, developed in the eighteenth century by Italian physicist Luigi Galvani (1737-1798). CADMIUM. In 1817, German chemist Friedrich Strohmeyer (1776-1835) was working as an inspector of pharmacies for the German state of Hanover. While making his rounds, he discovered that one pharmacy had a sample of zinc carbonate labeled as zinc oxide, and while inspecting the chemical in his laboratory, he discovered something unusual. If indeed it were zinc carbonate, it should turn into zinc oxide when heated, and since both compounds were white, there should be no difference in color. Instead, the mysterious compound turned a yellowish-orange. Strohmeyer continued to analyze the sample, and eventually realized that he had discovered a new element, which he named after the old Greek term for zinc carbonate,  kadmeia.  Indeed, cadmium typically appears in nature along with zinc or zinc compounds. Silvery white and lustrous or shiny, cadmium is soft enough to be cut with a knife, but chemically it behaves much like zinc: hence the idea of a zinc group. MERCURY. One of only two elements-along with bromine-that appears in liquid form at room temperature, mercury is both toxic and highly useful. The Romans called it  hydragyrum  (liquid silver), from whence comes its chemical symbol, Hg. Today, however, it is known by the name of the Romans god Mercury, the nimble and speedy messenger of the gods. Mercury comes primarily from a red ore called cinnabar, and since it often appears in shiny globules that form outcroppings from the cinnabar, it was relatively easy to discover. Several things are distinctive about mercury, including its bright silvery color. But nothing distinguishes it as much as its physical properties-not only its liquidity, but the fact that it rolls rapidly, like the fleet-footed god after which it is named. Its surface tension (the quality that causes it to bead) is six times greater than that of water, and for this reason, mercury never wets the surfaces with which it comes in contact. Mercury, of course, is widely used in thermometers, an application for which it is extremely well-suited. In particular, it expands at a uniform rate when heated, and thus a mercury thermometer (unlike earlier instruments, which used water, wine, or alcohol) can be easily calibrated. (Note that due to the toxicity of the element, mercury thermometers in schools are being replaced by other types of thermometers.) At temperatures close to absolute zero, mercury loses its resistance to the flow of electric current, and therefore it presents a promising area of research with regard to superconductivity. IRON. In its purest form, iron is relatively soft and slightly magnetic, but when hardened, it becomes much more so. As with several of the elements discovered long ago, iron has a chemical symbol (Fe) reflecting an ancient name, the Latin  ferrum.  But long before the Romans ancestors arrived in Italy, the Hittites of Asia Minor were purifying iron ore by heating it with charcoal over a hot flame. The ways in which iron is used are almost too obvious (and too numerous) to mention. If iron and steel suddenly ceased to exist, there could be no skyscrapers, no wide-span bridges, no ocean liners or trains or heavy machinery or automobile frames. Furthermore, alloys of steel with other transition metals, such as tungsten and niobium, possess exceptionally great strength, and find application in everything from hand tools to nuclear reactors. Then, of course, there are magnets and electromagnets, which can only be made of iron and/or one of the other magnetic elements, cobalt and nickel. In the human body, iron is a key part of hemoglobin, the molecule in blood that transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells. If a person fails to get sufficient quantities of iron-present in foods such as red meat and spinach-the result is anemia, characterized by a loss of skin color, weakness, fainting, and heart palpitations. Plants, too, need iron, and without the appropriate amounts are likely to lose their color, weaken, and die. COBALT. Isolated in about 1735 by Swedish chemist Georg Brandt (1694-1768), cobalt was the first metal discovered since prehistoric, or at least ancient, times. The name comes from  Kobald,  German for underground gnome, and this reflects much about the early history of cobalt. In legend, the Kobalden were mischievous sprites who caused trouble for miners, and in real life, ores containing the element that came to be known as cobalt likewise caused trouble to men working in mines. Not only did these ores contain arsenic, which made miners ill, but because cobalt had no apparent value, it only interfered with their work of extracting other minerals. Yet cobalt had been in use by artisans long before Brandts isolated the element. The color of certain cobalt compounds is a brilliant, shocking blue, and this made it popular for the coloring of pottery, glass, and tile. The element, which makes up less than 0.002% of Earths crust, is found today primarily in ores extracted from mines in Canada, Zaire, and Morocco. One of the most important uses of cobalt is in a highly magnetic alloy known as alnico, which also contains iron, nickel, and aluminum. Combined with tungsten and chromium, cobalt makes stellite, a very hard alloy used in drill bits. Cobalt is also applied in jet engines and turbines. NICKEL. Moderately magnetic in its pure form, nickel had an early history much like that of cobalt. English workers mining copper were often dismayed to find a metal that looked like copper, but was not, and they called it Old Nicks copper-meaning that it was a trick played on them by Old Nick, or the devil. The Germans gave it a similar name:  Kupfernickel,  or imp copper. Though nickel was not identified as a separate metal by Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1722-1765) until the eighteenth century, alloys of copper, silver, and nickel had been used as coins even in ancient Egypt. Today, nickel is applied, not surprisingly, in the American five-cent piece-that is, the nickel-made from an alloy of nickel and copper. Its anti-corrosive nature also provides a number of other applications for nickel: alloyed with steel, for instance, it makes a protective layer for other metals. PLATINUM. First identified by an Italian physician visiting the New World in the mid-sixteenth century, platinum-now recognized as a precious metal-was once considered a nuisance in the same way that nickel and cadmium were. Miners, annoyed with the fact that it got in the way when they were looking for gold, called it  platina,  or little silver. One of the reasons why platinum did not immediately catch the worlds fancy is because it is difficult to extract, and typically appears with the other metals of the platinum group: iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium. Only in 1803 did English physician and chemist William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) develop a means of extracting platinum, and when he did, he discovered that the metal could be hammered into all kinds of shapes. Platinum proved such a success that it made Wollaston financially independent, and he retired from his medical practice at age 34 to pursue scientific research. Today, platinum is used in everything from thermometers to parts for rocket engines, both of which take advantage of its ability to with stand high temperatures. 6. Application of transition metals complex formation in gas chromatography. we will be discusing applications of superselective liquid phases containing transition metal salts or complexes in gas chromatography Introduction: Metal complexation may be used for four purposes in gas chromatography: to help the separation of certain compounds present in the sample. In this case complexation is performed by using a stationary phase containing a metal; to utilize GC for the calculation of stability constants orother physico-chemical data; to analyse the metals themselves, by making organic volatile complexes and analysing them by GC; to increase sensitivity for inorganic and organic compounds by forming metal complexes and utilize e.g. an electron capture detector which has an increased sensitivity for such compounds. The present review discusses only the first two of these four application fields. The effect of the formation of eleetron-donor-acceptor complexes (EDA) [1-3] of transition metal cations with organic molecules containing n-bond(s) or free electron pairs (hi, O, S, halogens) may be used for the gas chromatographic separation of these molecules. The column packings containing the transition metals may be termed as superselectivepackings, because a slight difference in the structure of the separated compounds (e.g. cis- and transisomers) can give considerable difference in the retention time representing several minutes The reaction of complex formation should be rapid and reversible In the case of a 1:1 complex formation gas chromatography is convenient for the determination the stability constants of the newly formed adducts The formation of n-complexes with cations of the transition metals is particulary widely applied in gas chromatography. The termal stability of these complexes changes i~ a very broad temperature range depending on the metal and the ligand.complexes together with the temperatures of their chromatographic analysis. As seen chromatography permits as to examine the~ systems at temperatures higher than their thermal stability determined by static methods. The superselective packings can be divided into two group~ 1. Superselective liquid phases in which a salt or met~complex is melted or dissolved in a common liquid phase. 2. Superselective adsorbents in which a transition metal exists in various forms such as a salt or other co~pounds coated on the surface of a support, a porous i~ organic salt, a zeolite with the transition metal cation~ an inorganic oxide, or an inorganic or organometall~polymer. Steric Effect Substitution of bulky alkyl groups at a carbon double bond decrease the stability constants of n-complexes. The steric effect depends on the position of substitution in the following order: 2 > 4/> 3 > 5 >~ 6 [9, 78]. The small steric effect of the substituent in position 3 can be explained by considerable participation of electronic effect which, for alkyl groups has the opposite influence on stability constants than the steric effect. Electronic Effect The choice of the substituents at the double bond can increase or decrease the stability of the complex according to their electronic nature. For example, the substitution of D for H at the double bond increases the stability of the 7rcomplexes and for Rh 2* even bulk substituents increase the stability of complexes formed. This was called an inverse steric effect The electron-withdrawing effect of C1 on the electrons an aromatic ring causes a decrease in the stability constant of the n-complex of a transition metal with chlorobenzene as compared to the same complex with ethylbenzene Strain Effect:- Due to the large strain of the cyclobutene ring its ~r-complexes are less stable than those with five- and six-membered cycloolefms The Hg 2+ cation forms very strong complexes with olef~ and aromatic hydrocarbons. This is the reason why it applied for the selective retention of such compounds fr0~ hydrocarbon mixtures The stability constants of Hg ~+ complexes with molecules of organic compounds containing oxygen have been

Internet - A Blessing or a Curse? :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Internet - A Blessing or a Curse? I saw something shocking painted on the roof of a barn as I was driving through the heart of Yolo County’s farmland. It was an advertisement for the upcoming Dixon May Fair. What caught my attention was the last line of copy, painted in thin red letters, down by the edge of the roof: http://www.dixonmayfair.com. It’s finally everywhere, I thought, as I continued down the deserted, dusty road. No place is safe. Not even the country. Over the last couple of years, those tiny, mysterious clusters of letters have snuck up on us, like a sneaky race of aliens preparing a world takeover. First they crawled from a computer and found their way onto the bottoms of billboards and magazine ads, cleverly hidden away from the casual glance, amidst the small print. Once you had to have sharp eyes to notice them. But the little things grew and multiplied and now you have to be blind to miss them. They’re on our books, our newspapers, our cereal boxes, our CDs, our clothing, our dairy products, our garden supplies, and our movies. It’s hard to go anywhere or do anything without bumping into our new friends â€Å"http† and â€Å"www.† But do they come in peace? Or do they have something else up their cyber-sleeves? Are they a blessing or a curse? For anyone with a strong computer phobia, like my father, or even with a mild techno-aversion, like the one I’ve inherited from him, it’s easy to read conspiracies and invasion plots into every new computer advancement. It’s also easy to feel that we’re caught in a dangerous tug-of-war, and that the machines are winning. My father, Vernon, is the head of the chemistry department at West Virginia State College, and he refuses to use computers any more than the bare minimum his job requires. While the rest of his department (and the rest of the world) fire off quick e-mail notes and memos to one another, he still writes with pencil and paper and licks just as many stamps and envelopes as he ever did. Except for the letters I send to my dad, most of my outgoing mail these days is electronic.

Linux :: essays research papers

I want to get people's opinion on Linux - from a Windows user perspective. I want to do is to establish if the "Linux is too difficult" mantra is actually true in people's experience. My personal experience was that it was about the same amount of hassles than installing Win98 & apps. Of course, Linux does not fall over like Win98, and I can do all my work that I used to do under Windows, so I am a happy chappie ;-) Thanks! If you have been using Windows and have also installed Linux, please be so kind as to fill in the questionnaire below and post it on the board. I will collate all the responses and (hopefully) publish these in an article. Thanks Questionnaire: Installing and using Linux from a Windows perspective. This questionnaire is intended to gather opinions on how easy or difficult it was for users to install Linux and application software, and how functional they found the Linux desktop compared to the Windows desktop environment. Your participation is appreciated. Firstly, on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 meaning "very weak" and 5 meaning "very strong", rate your technical PC skills? Next, in the table below, indicate your choice with an X. TABLE 1: General Distribution and version of Linux: Debian Slackware Red Hat Mandrake SuSeE Other: please specify Linux GUI used: Gnome KDE Other: please specify TABLE 2: Applications used - please amend Windows applications as appropriate, and indicate the Linux equivalent you use: Word processing: MS Word Spreadsheet: Excel Presentation software: Powerpoint Database: Access Email: Outlook Calendar: Outlook File manager: Windows Explorer Internet browsing: Internet Explorer Internet firewall: ZoneAlarm Graphics editing: PaintShop Pro Graphics slide shows: ACDSee File Compression: Winzip, PDF reader: Acrobat Reader CD writer: Nero Other - please specify In the table below, indicate your choice, using: 1 = Much more difficult 2 = More difficult 3 = About the same 4 = Easier 5 = Much easier 0 = N/A TABLE 3 - Installation. Linux Compared to Windows Setting up peripherals (such as printers, video cards etc.) under Linux is: Setting up and configuring the GUI under Linux is: The functionality of applications running under Linux is: The stability of applications running under Linux is: Running applications (ease of use) under Linux is: Setting up Internet access under Linux is: Upgrading the OS (Linux) is: Setting up a small/home office network under Linux is: Installing patches under Linux is: TABLE 4.

A Most Remarkable Teacher Essay -- Medicine College Admissions Essays

A Most Remarkable Teacher    A most remarkable high school teacher first aroused my interest in medicine when he invited me to take a special advanced microbiology course at night. He (Mr. Wiles) had worked for years in the medical field before retiring to teach school. Spending many hours with us, he constantly reaffirmed his belief that we could make a positive contribution to society through a career in medicine. Shortly after my graduation, Mr. Wiles died of lung cancer. During his last months, as I visited him, walked with him, chopped wood for him, I anguished over my helplessness as his pain grew and his life diminished. The doctors couldn't do much to reverse that process, but at least they could t~ to ease his pain or Blow the spreading disease. I admired and envied that ability.    In the ensuing years, I found myself embracing two seemingly different career paths. I loved being around people and thrived on the interaction, but I was fascinated by the technical intricacies of science. With a love for my science courses, I found that I could readily follow the logic of scientific thought. Then I left school and went to Europe as a volunteer missionary. In addition to learning a foreign Language (French) †¢ I spent that year and a half learning to work with people and help them with their problems. This strengthened my desire to work with people in some kind of clinical setting.    It was... ...e good, some not as good--as they made their rounds. The really good ones seemed able to comfort their patients in more than just a physical sense. One oncologist seemed never to fail to bring a smile to his patients' faces, such was his genuine caring.    I believe, now, the words of Mr. Wiles. I believe that as a physician I can make a very real contribution to society. I can see myself offering all I have to help a patient smile again, using all my resources to find the best scientific solution. And as I become more of a scientist, so must I become even more skilled with people--people with needs and feelings. For medicine is the culmination of that art and science-requiring the best of both worlds.

Institution

Institutions are establishments or organizations that contain individuals as a mechanism to maintain control and a secure environment. However, the institution can restrict to an extent of an individual's experience and liberty of the world, resulting in conflict against the institution. Though many individuals apply themselves towards the institution with the nature of compliance, other individuals may be restricted therefore behaving in a conflicting fashion towards the institution.This is demonstrated through Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by concentrating the audience’s attention to the social inequality in Maycomb representing the communities institution. Similarly within Suzanne Collin’s novel â€Å"The Hunger Games†, the institutional government is illustrated and is explored through the situations face by the individuals contained in it. Furthermore, institutional confinements elaborate the hierarchical structure enhancing or limi ting an individual within the system.As represented in Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, a nature of compliance and defiance is evident within the town of Maycomb. Evaluating on this, the protagonist ‘Atticus’ depicts elements of defiance by resisting to the social means that are accustomed to in the community. Accounting for the institution’s behaviour of containment, people at the top of the institution have the ability of corruption. This is best demonstrated in the court scene where the racist views of the white residents of Maycomb are juxtaposed with Atticus Finch’s desire to represent a black client.The injustice that is present in Maycomb, is best addressed as Atticus challenges the jury to â€Å"do their duty, in the name of God†, as they decide whether Tom Robinson is guilty, despite the fact that there is no â€Å"probable cause† for supposedly raping Mayella Ewell, a white woman. This empathetic challenge by Atticus acts as the voice of reason against the racist, regressive elements of â€Å"southern† culture in the 1930’s. The institution, the town of Maycomb has been operating in a corrupt manner by segregated black and white communities within Maycomb.This segregation is again demonstrated in the court some exchanges, as the black citizen must stand in the stalls, whilst â€Å"white folk† cans sit on the same level as the judge and other court officials. In addition, Suzanne Collin’s â€Å"The Hunger Games† illustrates the nature of a governmental institution and how individuals are able to adapt or resist to the establishment. Within the novel, the protagonist Katniss Everdeen is elected to compete in the annual ‘Hunger Games’ a brutal competition containing individuals to signify the former defiance from the past districts.Through the protagonist’s portrayal of defiance, it is evident that one’s institutional thinking u ndergoes transformation, furthermore granting ability of opinion and greatly influencing an individual’s extent of restriction within the institution. This is supported through the statement of a participant of the games, â€Å"if I am going to die, I still want to be me†. Suzanne Collin uses this to express the emotions of a character experiencing the effects the institution, depicting the individuals as a tool or equipment used for manipulation and subsequently dehumanizing the individual.Conversely, within â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† the corrupted institution relies more on the community to progressively change people’s perspective rather than utilising threats. This is shown through the underlying nature of the public on how to behave within the town of Maycomb. Throughout the scene of the confrontation of Atticus Finch outside the town’s jail, the community’s men arise to form a mob creating a single identity. However, when the protago nist Atticus directs him individually towards a man, the man is shown to be contextually righteous and was only conforming to the society’s standards.This proposes the argument whether an institution is built on corruption demonstrated in â€Å"The Hunger Games† or is built on manipulation demonstrated in â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†. Evaluating on the manner of both characteristics of each institution it is evident that they share common aspects. Throughout both texts it is apparent that institutional thinking and institutional behaviours derive from the different social rankings that individuals subconsciously acquire.

Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment

psycho analyticalalalalal spirit Assess handst PSY/250 Psychoanalytic character judgement The psychoanalytic system states that there argon national push ups an different(prenominal) than your awargonness that have-to doe with your doings. Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler and Carl Jung influenced psychological science with their theories make a very outstanding carry on on psychology. As the author I im objet dart comp be and business the theories of these triple gentlemen and decide which of these theories in which I couple and which of these theories I do non insure with.Freuds work is in a flash the al roughly recognized and most intemperately cited in every pull through(predicate) of psychology and pen in merciful beingsities as hygienic. Freud stress on dreams and wind up. Dreams according to Freuds psychoanalytic hypothesis ar said to delimit out devil levels of content, evident content and latent content. The manifest content is what a clo se tobody remembers and consciously considers. The latent content is the rudimentary inexplicable pith. This is the trademark paperlism of the psychoanalytic near to genius, in some some other haggling what we sympathise on the surface is however a range of what re completelyy lies underneath. Friedman & Schustack 2009) In his possible action libido was the commoveual nada that was amenable for psychological tension. Freud relyd that the principal driving force pot men and womens activities was each reduce or expressed familiarityableity. Unfulfillight-emitting diode fetch upuality led to pathological conditions. In other words that the unconscious mind(p) was the stock preparation for repressed internal swears. (Friedman, Schustack, 2009) Freud to a fault matte up that worship was just an overleap and a tawdry notion which was an idea that should not be spread to people, that devotion was a drug of the masses.His faith was in full in the looks a bility to access its unconscious legal opinions, therefore avoiding any psychiatric dis mark. Freud viewed the unconscious as a collection of im whiles, thoughts and experiences that an psyche refused to operate, which led to psychiatric problems. (Wikipedia, 2010) On the other touch Jung dis matchd on what constituted the unconscious. Jung added to Freuds interpretation by stating that separately various(prenominal) excessively possessed a corporate unconscious, a group of sh bed images and archetypes jet to yet charitables.Jung was fascinated with symbols. He argued that there atomic number 18 archetypes among these symbols which relate green pitying heritage, not just mortalistic experiences. (Wikipedia, 2010) thusly each of us has a set of car park symbols within us. Jungs neo-analytic surmisal as strong as differed suggesting that libido was a general psychical energy that was not familiar in nature. Jung deald that sex amounted to only angiotensin co nverting enzyme of the some things that acquire human races. More most-valuablely, humans argon driven by their fate to arrive at individuation, haleness or full knowledge of the self.Jung conformation of different in his beliefs, suggests that worship was an master(prenominal) outrank of safety for the individual as he or she began the process of individuation, exploring and excepting exclusively subtracts of the self, that religion was a subject matter of communication between wholly types of people, because although religions differed, the archetypes and symbols re mained the aforesaid(prenominal). In my opinion Jung was more mythical. Adler as unconnected to Freud and Jung was in a cryst on the wholeize of his stimulate. He believed that people were fond creatures, forming goals and stress to satisfy them.Adler saw psychic wellness in terms of having healthy determine, which affect what goals we campaign to achieve. He believed that inferiority comple xes touch on self esteem and caused a ostracize set on human health. Adler argued for holism, masculinity and femininity were crucial to apprehension human psychology (Friedman, Schustack, 2009). The entrust of the self was impinge onset by social and good demands. Adler suggested that social domain was measurable to psychology as was the knowledgeable satisfyingm. That the dynamics of power and salary try beyond informality, and that gender and political sympathies were important considerations that go beyond libido.As you back end depict Adler was quite the socialist and realist and stress the character of empathy. unrivalled of the features that I tick off with is the surmise that dreams play a part in psychoanalytic nature. I govern this because of my protest some angiotensin converting enzymeal relationship with dreams. I believe that dreams are a part of our unconscious mind, either from repressed traumatic experiences, which washbowl contribute to nightmares, night sweats, waking up at tout ensemble hours of the night, which in move around target cause wound up dissymmetry and psychiatric disorders.In the same token, I withal believe that daydreaming and nice dreams can be healthy to ones boilersuit mental health. other characteristic that I defend with is the surmisal that booting and childhood discipline plays an steady greater constituent in genius. I believe that from the moment you are innate(p) how you are nurtured, loved, and cared for, shapes who you volition hold up as an adult. Childhood is the most particular succession in the development represents of the ones temper. On the other hand, one of the theories that I protest with is Freuds libido theory.I recollect that he had a dark late obsession with sex and over emphatic it, in including it in his theory. I snarl he had no basis, no proof, and no real meaning in his conclusion. The only association to mortalality that I believe se x would have, is if one has been through a traumatic experience such(prenominal) as rape, jump out from sexual identity, a sexual dependence or other sexual crisis, differently I feel it has no place in character. Freud just consecrate focussing alike more speech pattern on sex in his theory. Another Freudian theory I dis combine with is that religion is just an escape and a misleading notion.I have a absolute disillusionment with this, universe I am a very religious person. For the most part all nations, all creeds, all walks of smell on this earth, have some sort of religious views. Religion is taught to us as children and plays a very important role in how we place our values, our m vivas, our principals, so to relegate religion from psychoanalytic personality is preposterous. Our religion, on with our childhood development determines who we are and who we will become. Religion is the most iconoclastic of all weapons of mass destruction, and yet Freud looks at it so nonchalantly.More people have died in the bid of religion that any other causes. I know that my religion weighs to a great extent on my personality. The five tips of Freuds theory are that from age 0-2 (Oral) which is the first stage, the characteristic is the babble out sucking, biting and swallowing, the conflict is the weaning international from the produces breast. This stage suggests that the free personality is preoccupied with oral examination activities such as eating, smoking, biting nails or drinking. The oral self-asserting personality is antipathetical and verbally abusive using let loose base aggression.The second stage from age 2-4 (Anal) is the defecating or retaining of feces. The conflict is toilet training. The anal personality is stingy, and has a compulsive desire for order and tidiness. This person is by and large cussed and a perfectionist. The anal expulsive personality has a deprivation of self control, being generally mussy and care slight. The tierce stage from ages 4-5 (Phallic) is genitals. A masculine child being Oedipus and a lady friend Electra, which is a process through which they keep an eye on to fall upon with the same gender parent by acting as practically bid that parent as possible.Boys offend castration anxiety by accept that the draw knows that they desire their mothers, and thinking that the arrest will castrate him. Girls suffer from penis envy, where she is habituated to her mother but whence shifts her supplement once she realizes her mother lacks a penis, she consequently desires her father but afterwards represses her desire for her father and incorporates the value of her mother and accepts her inferiority. The quarter stage, ages 6-puberty (Latency) is unaccepted sexual desires that may flow into sports and hobbies, having the same sex friends ease avoid sexual feelings.This personality is relatively calm. Sexual and aggressive behavior is less active. The fifth and last st age is the Genital stage and this personality represents maturity, adroit and artistic creativity. This personality is well adjusted and balanced. Now after all of this, are you convinced as well as I am that Freud was way of life off the charts? Again I set up that he put much too much emphasis on sex. Freud believed and unquestionable a series of acknowledgment mechanisms and all of his defence mechanism mechanisms shared both common properties.One in which they often appeared unconsciously and two they tended to distort, transform, or otherwise falsify reality. One of his defense mechanisms Intellectualization is taking on an fair game viewpoint. Suppose a preserve cracks that his married woman has an incurable malady. He tries to learn everything he can about the disease and interference options and by doing so represses feelings of anxiety, feelings of not being able to do anything to help his wife and any feelings of anger he may be feeling.Focusing on the facts sort of than the randy content of the situation. Freud, Jung and Adler each had their stimulate ideas when it came to psychoanalytic personality, though they did not agree on all aspects of each others ideas, unite they were the founding fathers of psychoanalytic personality and are still super regarded in the dramatics of psychology today. Their theories combined receptive doors into the vastness and complexity of the human mind. I believe in the field of psychology a undersized of each of their theories are being practiced today. on that point is a little Jung, Adler and Freud in each of us as we try and decipher the human mind and human behavior. References Internet encyclopaedia of Philosophy. (2001). Sigmund Freud. Retrieved from http//www. iep. utm. edu Friedman, H. S. , & Schuustack, M. W. (2009). Personality Classic Theories and Modern query (4th ed. ). Pearson Education, Inc.. Boeree, G. C. (1997,2006). Alfred Adler. Retrieved from http//webspace. ship. edu/cgboer /adler/hypertext markup languagePsychoanalytic Personality Assessmenteach individual is distinguished by their own unique personality. Personality is developed in different stages of a person living. There are several theorists who have essay to decipher the different types of personalities and determine the meaning of each. Freud, Jung, and Adler were known as greatest psychologists. Although they were sterling their views on psychology varied. To compare and argumentation their psychoanalysis theories, Freud, Jung, and Adler perspectives on personality was mistakable but dissimilar at times. This estimate will compare and contrast psychoanalytic theories of Freud, Jung, and Adler.The assessment will as well rationalize the two characteristics in which I agree and disagree. This assessment will describe the stages of Freuds theory and explain characteristics of personality using these parcels. This assessment will conclude by describing the use of at least terce Freudian d efense mechanisms with real invigoration examples. The theories Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung shared is called psychoanalytic theories. These great men main theory was to decipher human behavior. They focused on many aspects of understanding of psychology.Their main focus was to discover a persons previous childhood experiences and decipher the color a male of female would view a incumbent experience. Freud ceremonious the theory that focused on psychosexual progress. Adler established human psychology. Jung established the analytical part of psychology. Freud psychoanalytical sixth sense was broken down using cardinal characteristics Id, swelled headtism, and superego (Friedman, Schustack, 2012). Freud describes Id as the foundation of personality. Id is demonstrated as not being affected by the external world (Friedman, Schusstack, 2012). The id hold the main physic force and motivations, whichreferent urges or feelings.The second characteristic Freud describes is ego. Ego demonstrates an individual actually having to with the external world. A person ego is controlled by real animateness encounters for example, going work, taking care of the children, socializing, and runnel daily errands. Freud believes that a person ego reflects reality principles, which are real life situations. Carl Jung believes that ego is the facet of an individuals personality. Jung also believes the ego personality is a conscious action of self control. The third characteristic that Freud demonstrates is superego.Superego is the characteristic that joins moral values and society values. Moral values are taught by our parent who allows a person to know right from wrong. Society moral philosophy influence an individual personality by the environment that they live among. Superego is a person conscience that telling them from within what ethical decision or action you need to make (Friedman, Schustack, 2012). Carl G. Jung comes from a family line of ministers on both his mother and father side. Jung theories regarding personality was peculiar and somewhat different. Jung personality theories consist of a persons thought and childhood encounters.His focal point was less on sexuality, and more on historical, spiritual, and transmundane occurrences than Freuds psychoanalytic psychology (Friedman, Schusstack, 2012). Jung analytic psychology was geared toward three component of the mind the conscious ego, the personal unconscious, and the incorporated unconscious. Jung theory on ego did tally to Freuds theory on ego. He believed that a persons ego was conscious personified by the self motivation. Jung also believed that an individual develops this personality at four years of age (Friedman, Schustack, 2012).Psychoanalytic Personality AssessmentPsychoanalytic Personality Assessment PSY/250 Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment The psychoanalytic theory states that there are inner forces other than your awareness that affect your behavior. Si gmund Freud, Alfred Adler and Carl Jung influenced psychology with their theories making a very large impact on psychology. As the writer I will compare and contrast the theories of these three gentlemen and decide which of these theories in which I agree and which of these theories I do not agree with.Freuds work is now the most recognized and most heavily cited in all of psychology and referenced in humanities as well. Freud emphasized on dreams and sexuality. Dreams according to Freuds psychoanalytic theory are said to have two levels of content, manifest content and latent content. The manifest content is what a person remembers and consciously considers. The latent content is the underlying hidden meaning. This is the trademark idealism of the psychoanalytic approach to personality, in other words what we see on the surface is only a part of what really lies underneath. Friedman & Schustack 2009) In his theory libido was the sexual energy that was responsible for psychological tension. Freud believed that the principal driving force behind men and womens activities was either repressed or expressed sexuality. unsuccessful sexuality led to pathological conditions. In other words that the unconscious was the storage facility for repressed sexual desires. (Friedman, Schustack, 2009) Freud also felt that religion was just an escape and a misleading notion which was an idea that should not be spread to people, that religion was a drug of the masses.His faith was fully in the minds ability to access its unconscious thoughts, thus avoiding any psychiatric disorder. Freud viewed the unconscious as a collection of images, thoughts and experiences that an individual refused to process, which led to psychiatric problems. (Wikipedia, 2010) On the other hand Jung disagreed on what constituted the unconscious. Jung added to Freuds definition by stating that each individual also possessed a collective unconscious, a group of shared images and archetypes common to all h umans.Jung was fascinated with symbols. He argued that there are archetypes among these symbols which relate common human heritage, not just individual experiences. (Wikipedia, 2010) Thus each of us has a set of common symbols within us. Jungs neo-analytic theory also differed suggesting that libido was a general psychic energy that was not sexual in nature. Jung believed that sex amounted to only one of the many things that drive humans. More importantly, humans are driven by their need to achieve individuation, wholeness or full knowledge of the self.Jung quite different in his beliefs, suggests that religion was an important place of safety for the individual as he or she began the process of individuation, exploring and excepting all parts of the self, that religion was a means of communication between all types of people, because although religions differed, the archetypes and symbols remained the same. In my opinion Jung was more mythical. Adler as opposed to Freud and Jung wa s in a class of his own. He believed that people were social creatures, forming goals and striving to meet them.Adler saw mental health in terms of having healthy values, which affect what goals we try to achieve. He believed that inferiority complexes affected self esteem and caused a negative effect on human health. Adler argued for holism, masculinity and femininity were crucial to understanding human psychology (Friedman, Schustack, 2009). The desire of the self was counteract by social and ethical demands. Adler suggested that social realm was important to psychology as was the internal realm. That the dynamics of power and compensation extend beyond sexuality, and that gender and politics were important considerations that go beyond libido.As you can see Adler was quite the socialist and realist and emphasized the role of empathy. One of the characteristics that I agree with is the theory that dreams play a part in psychoanalytic personality. I say this because of my own pers onal relationship with dreams. I believe that dreams are a part of our unconscious mind, either from repressed traumatic experiences, which can contribute to nightmares, night sweats, waking up at all hours of the night, which in turn can cause emotional instability and psychiatric disorders.In the same token, I also believe that daydreaming and pleasant dreams can be healthy to ones overall mental health. Another characteristic that I agree with is the theory that parenting and childhood development plays an even greater role in personality. I believe that from the moment you are born how you are nurtured, loved, and cared for, shapes who you will become as an adult. Childhood is the most critical time in the development stages of the ones personality. On the other hand, one of the theories that I disagree with is Freuds libido theory.I think that he had a dark deep obsession with sex and over emphasized it, in including it in his theory. I felt he had no basis, no proof, and no re al meaning in his conclusion. The only connection to personality that I believe sex would have, is if one has been through a traumatic experience such as rape, suffer from sexual identity, a sexual addiction or other sexual crisis, otherwise I feel it has no place in personality. Freud just put way too much emphasis on sex in his theory. Another Freudian theory I disagree with is that religion is just an escape and a misleading notion.I have a strong disenchantment with this, being I am a very religious person. For the most part all nations, all creeds, all walks of life on this earth, have some sort of religious views. Religion is taught to us as children and plays a very important role in how we place our values, our morals, our principals, so to exclude religion from psychoanalytic personality is preposterous. Our religion, along with our childhood development determines who we are and who we will become. Religion is the most destructive of all weapons of mass destruction, and ye t Freud looks at it so nonchalantly.More people have died in the name of religion that any other causes. I know that my religion weighs heavily on my personality. The five stages of Freuds theory are that from age 0-2 (Oral) which is the first stage, the characteristic is the mouth sucking, biting and swallowing, the conflict is the weaning away from the mothers breast. This stage suggests that the willing personality is preoccupied with oral activities such as eating, smoking, biting nails or drinking. The oral aggressive personality is hostile and verbally abusive using mouth based aggression.The second stage from age 2-4 (Anal) is the defecating or retaining of feces. The conflict is toilet training. The anal personality is stingy, and has a compulsive desire for order and tidiness. This person is generally stubborn and a perfectionist. The anal expulsive personality has a lack of self control, being generally messy and careless. The third stage from ages 4-5 (Phallic) is genital s. A boy being Oedipus and a girl Electra, which is a process through which they learn to identify with the same gender parent by acting as much like that parent as possible.Boys suffer castration anxiety by believing that the father knows that they desire their mothers, and thinking that the father will castrate him. Girls suffer from penis envy, where she is attached to her mother but then shifts her attachment once she realizes her mother lacks a penis, she then desires her father but later represses her desire for her father and incorporates the value of her mother and accepts her inferiority. The fourth stage, ages 6-puberty (Latency) is unacceptable sexual desires that may flow into sports and hobbies, having the same sex friends help avoid sexual feelings.This personality is relatively calm. Sexual and aggressive behavior is less active. The fifth and last stage is the Genital stage and this personality represents maturity, intellectual and artistic creativity. This personali ty is well adjusted and balanced. Now after all of this, are you convinced as well as I am that Freud was way off the charts? Again I say that he put much too much emphasis on sex. Freud believed and developed a series of defense mechanisms and all of his defense mechanisms shared two common properties.One in which they often appeared unconsciously and two they tended to distort, transform, or otherwise falsify reality. One of his defense mechanisms Intellectualization is taking on an objective viewpoint. Suppose a husband learns that his wife has an incurable disease. He tries to learn everything he can about the disease and treatment options and by doing so represses feelings of anxiety, feelings of not being able to do anything to help his wife and any feelings of anger he may be feeling.Focusing on the facts rather than the emotional content of the situation. Freud, Jung and Adler each had their own ideas when it came to psychoanalytic personality, though they did not agree on a ll aspects of each others ideas, combined they were the founding fathers of psychoanalytic personality and are still highly regarded in the field of psychology today. Their theories combined opened doors into the vastness and complexity of the human mind. I believe in the field of psychology a little of each of their theories are being practiced today.There is a little Jung, Adler and Freud in each of us as we try and decipher the human mind and human behavior. References Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2001). Sigmund Freud. Retrieved from http//www. iep. utm. edu Friedman, H. S. , & Schuustack, M. W. (2009). Personality Classic Theories and Modern Research (4th ed. ). Pearson Education, Inc.. Boeree, G. C. (1997,2006). Alfred Adler. Retrieved from http//webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/adler/html